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Evaluation of the Methane (CH 4 ) Generation Rate Constant ( k Value) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Mogadishu City, Somalia

Author

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  • Abdulkadir A. Araye

    (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Suffian Yusoff

    (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science and Technology Research Centre, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)

  • Nik Azimatolakma Awang

    (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)

  • Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan

    (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia)

Abstract

Landfills are the third largest source of the greenhouse gas methane, contributing to 25% of global warming. Therefore, the characterization of national municipal solid waste (MSW) and estimation of methane generation rate are very important for the solid waste management (SWM) toward sustainable development goal no. 13, climate action. This study presents (a) an assessment of daily MSW generation, (b) the characterization of MSW, and (c) an evaluation of the methane generation rate constant ( k value) in Mogadishu, Somalia. The MSW samples were collected from three (3) sampling zones (Zones 1, 2, and 3; 204 households) and weighted (kg). Next, the waste generation per person per day was estimated. The MSW characterization includes sorting (based on plastic/polythene, food wastes, wood, metals, yard waste, paper/cardboard, textile, glass/ceramic and miscellaneous components, %), the determination of bulk density (kg/L), and measuring moisture content (%). The k values were evaluated from the percentages of different components in MSW based on first-order decay models. Mogadishu city generated 1671.03 kg MSW per week (maximum on Friday: 348.72 kg, and minimum on Monday: 152.04 kg). The total mean MSW generation rate observed in this study was 0.2 kg/person/day. The solid waste generation found was in the decreasing order of food waste > plastic/polythene > yard waste > miscellaneous > papers/carboard > wood > glass/ceramic > textiles > metals by weight. The average bulk density was found to be 0.269 kg/L. The average moisture content was ranged from 61.6 to 73%. The total k values were categorized as fast (Zone 1: 0.216053 yr −1 , Zone 2: 0.228739 yr −1 , and Zone 3: 0.244595 yr −1 ) and moderate (Zone 3: 0.244595 yr −1 ) degradation. This research serves as Somalian MSW baseline data and projected the methane generation rate from the MSW production in the country. The MSW sorting may reduce the impact of global warming and is highly recommended for better SWM in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdulkadir A. Araye & Mohd Suffian Yusoff & Nik Azimatolakma Awang & Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan, 2023. "Evaluation of the Methane (CH 4 ) Generation Rate Constant ( k Value) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Mogadishu City, Somalia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:19:p:14531-:d:1254580
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paulien Harmsen & Michiel Scheffer & Harriette Bos, 2021. "Textiles for Circular Fashion: The Logic behind Recycling Options," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Chowdhury, Joydeep & Dutta, Subhajit & Arellano-Valle, Reinaldo B. & Genton, Marc G., 2022. "Sub-dimensional Mardia measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
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