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Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia

Author

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  • Arzyana Sunkar

    (Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16001, Indonesia)

  • Anindika Putri Lakspriyanti

    (Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16001, Indonesia)

  • Eko Haryono

    (Karst Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Mohsen Brahmi

    (FEMS Faculty, University of Sfax, Sfax 20655, Tunisia
    Faculty of Arts and Design, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia)

  • Pindi Setiawan

    (Division of Campaign and Public Media, Forest Watch Indonesia, Bogor 16129, Indonesia)

  • Aziz Fardhani Jaya

    (Division of Campaign and Public Media, Forest Watch Indonesia, Bogor 16129, Indonesia)

Abstract

The protection of resources and the safety of visitors are two essential elements in the sustainability of any tourism destination. The Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat karst has the potential to be developed as a UNESCO Global Geopark based on the diversity and unique nature of its geological heritage. Proper management efforts should be carefully planned to ensure sustainability of the geosite. Intact natural conditions can be a potential hazard to visitors and, conversely, the presence of visitors can interfere with the natural preservation of the sensitive karst area. Physical, biological, and human activities that may endanger visitors should be identified and limiting the number of visitors received by each geosite should also be considered. This paper aims to identify the potential tourism hazards of physical, biological, and human activities and to calculate the tourist’s carrying capacity of three geosites (Tewet cave, Nyadeng lake, and Bloyot cave) in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat karst. The identification of potential hazards was conducted in each geosite and analyzed and assessed using management options referencing UNEP, NPSA, and APEC, whereas the carrying capacity was assessed with reference to the Cifuentes formulation. Meanwhile, the carrying capacity was assessed at three levels, namely physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC), and effective carrying capacity (ECC). The highest physical and biological hazards were the ravines in the Tewet cave, as well as a moderate level of risk, such as slippery, steep terrain and the presence of crocodiles. Meanwhile, the potential hazards faced by Nyadeng lake and Bloyot cave were classified as low risk. The carrying capacity assessments indicated that Bloyot cave is able to accommodate the largest number of visitors on a daily basis. Therefore, the carrying capacity results of each geosite can serve as a reference for managers to limit the number of visitors to the site in order to ensure the sustainability of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat geosites.

Suggested Citation

  • Arzyana Sunkar & Anindika Putri Lakspriyanti & Eko Haryono & Mohsen Brahmi & Pindi Setiawan & Aziz Fardhani Jaya, 2022. "Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-26, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:3:p:1704-:d:740450
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rodica-Manuela Gogonea & Adrian Aurel Baltălungă & Adrian Nedelcu & Daniela Dumitrescu, 2017. "Tourism Pressure at the Regional Level in the Context of Sustainable Development in Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-24, April.
    2. Piera Buonincontri & Roberto Micera & María Murillo-Romero & Tommasina Pianese, 2021. "Where Does Sustainability Stand in Underground Tourism? A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-28, November.
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    1. Daminda Sumanapala & Isabelle D. Wolf, 2022. "Introducing Geotourism to Diversify the Visitor Experience in Protected Areas and Reduce Impacts on Overused Attractions," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Ying Liu & Lei Tian & Zhiyi Wang & Peiyong He & Meng Li & Na Wang & Yang Yu, 2023. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Interprovincial Ecological Efficiency and Its Determinants in China: A Super-Efficiency SBM Model Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.
    3. Zamru Ajuhari & Azlizam Aziz & Sam Shor Nahar Yaakob & Shamsul Abu Bakar & Manohar Mariapan, 2023. "Systematic Literature Review on Methods of Assessing Carrying Capacity in Recreation and Tourism Destinations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-20, February.

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