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Rainfall Variability and Tidal Inundation Influences on Mangrove Greenness in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

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  • Joko Prihantono

    (School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
    National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia)

  • Takashi Nakamura

    (School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan)

  • Kazuo Nadaoka

    (School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan)

  • Anindya Wirasatriya

    (Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

  • Novi Susetyo Adi

    (Marine Research Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jalan Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia)

Abstract

Mangroves, which are vulnerable to natural threats and human activities on small islands in the tropics, play an essential role as carbon sinks, helping to mitigate climate change. In this study, we discussed the effect of natural factors on mangrove sustainability by analyzing the impact of rainfall, land surface temperature (LST), and tidal inundation on the greenness of mangroves in Karimunjawa National Park (KNP), Indonesia. We used Sentinel-2 image data to obtain the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) during the dry season to determine the effect of inundation on mangrove greenness and soil moisture. The tidal inundation area was calculated using topographic data from the KNP and tidal observations from the area adjacent to it. Unmanned autonomous vehicles and topographic data were used to estimate mangrove canopy height. We also calculated mangrove greenness phenology and compared it to rainfall from satellite data from 2019–2021. Results show that the intertidal area is dominated by taller mangroves and has higher NDVI and NDMI values than non-intertidal areas. We also observed that mangroves in intertidal areas are mostly evergreen, and optimum greenness in KNP occurs from February to October, with maximum greenness in July. Cross-correlation analysis suggests that high rainfall affects NDVI, with peak greenness occurring three months after high rainfall. The LST and NDVI cross-correlation showed no time lag. This suggests that LST was not the main factor controlling mangrove greenness, suggesting tides and rainfall influence mangrove greenness. The mangroves are also vulnerable to climate variability and change, which limits rainfall. However, sea-level rise due to climate change might positively impact mangrove greenness.

Suggested Citation

  • Joko Prihantono & Takashi Nakamura & Kazuo Nadaoka & Anindya Wirasatriya & Novi Susetyo Adi, 2022. "Rainfall Variability and Tidal Inundation Influences on Mangrove Greenness in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8948-:d:868107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Daniel Murdiyarso & Joko Purbopuspito & J. Boone Kauffman & Matthew W. Warren & Sigit D. Sasmito & Daniel C. Donato & Solichin Manuri & Haruni Krisnawati & Sartji Taberima & Sofyan Kurnianto, 2015. "The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(12), pages 1089-1092, December.
    3. Alahacoon, Niranga & Edirisinghe, M. & Ranagalage, M., 2021. "Satellite-based meteorological and agricultural drought monitoring for agricultural sustainability in Sri Lanka," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 1-13(6):342.
    4. Niranga Alahacoon & Mahesh Edirisinghe & Manjula Ranagalage, 2021. "Satellite-Based Meteorological and Agricultural Drought Monitoring for Agricultural Sustainability in Sri Lanka," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-28, March.
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