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Spatiotemporal Evolution and the Influencing Factors of Tourism-Based Social-Ecological System Vulnerability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

Author

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  • Jun Tu

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China)

  • Shiwei Luo

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China)

  • Yongfeng Yang

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China)

  • Puyan Qin

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China)

  • Pengwei Qi

    (Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Survey and Planning Institute, Chengdu 610081, China)

  • Qiaoqiao Li

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China)

Abstract

With the rapid development of global tourism, identifying the vulnerability of tourism-based social-ecological systems (SESs) has become an important topic in sustainable development research. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vulnerability, spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, and influencing factors of tourism-based SESs in the counties of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). A comprehensive evaluation system containing 46 indicators was constructed using a model that combines a social–economic–ecological model and a pressure–state–response model (SEE-PSR). The entropy and composite index methods were used to calculate the vulnerability values of the indicators, and Geodetector was used to explore the factors influencing system vulnerability in the whole study area. The results showed the following: (1) The mean value of the composite vulnerability index of the TGRA from 2010 to 2018 was 0.4849, indicating a moderate vulnerability state. The system vulnerability of the study area gradually decreased from moderately high to moderately low. (2) There were obvious differences in the spatiotemporal evolution of vulnerability in different counties; high and moderately high vulnerability continued to decrease, moderately low and low vulnerability increased, and moderate vulnerability showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. Meanwhile, the relative differences in vulnerability among counties were small but gradually increasing. (3) System vulnerability was mainly caused by the social subsystem. Six factors, including the growth rate of the number of tourists and the amount of fiscal expenditure, were more likely to contribute to system vulnerability than other factors. The interaction types were mainly nonlinear enhancement types, supplemented by two-factor enhancement. This study presents an approach for evaluating the vulnerability of tourist destinations and constructing an evaluation index system. In this way, it has reference value for reducing regional vulnerability and promoting sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Jun Tu & Shiwei Luo & Yongfeng Yang & Puyan Qin & Pengwei Qi & Qiaoqiao Li, 2021. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and the Influencing Factors of Tourism-Based Social-Ecological System Vulnerability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:7:p:4008-:d:529970
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chunxia Liu & Qingqing He & Yuechen Li, 2020. "Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Socio-Ecological-Economic System Vulnerability: A County-Level Analysis of Chongqing, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Jia Wan & Liwei Zhang & Junping Yan & Xiaomeng Wang & Ting Wang, 2020. "Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-22, October.
    3. Vanshika Dhamija & Roopam Shukla & Christoph Gornott & PK Joshi, 2020. "Consistency in Vulnerability Assessments of Wheat to Climate Change—A District-Level Analysis in India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Rosario Turvey, 2007. "Vulnerability Assessment of Developing Countries: The Case of Small-island Developing States," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 25(2), pages 243-264, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhicheng Lai & Lei Li & Zhuomin Tao & Tao Li & Xiaoting Shi & Jialing Li & Xin Li, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Ecological Well-Being Performance from the Perspective of Strong Sustainability: A Case Study of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-25, January.
    2. Li-Yu Chen & Wen-Zhe Hsieh & Rung-Jiun Chou, 2021. "The Impact of the Construction of Large Reservoirs on the Cultural Landscape: A Case Study of the Shimen Reservoir, Taiwan," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-22, October.
    3. Wei Zhao & Xing Wang & Mingzheng Chen & Xuejun Liu & Lai Zhao & Xinlan Zhang, 2022. "Forest Resource Assets Departure Audit Considering Ecological Sustainable Development: A Case Study," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-16, November.
    4. Dengyue Zhao & Mingzhu Xiao & Chunbo Huang & Yuan Liang & Ziyue An, 2021. "Landscape Dynamics Improved Recreation Service of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-16, August.
    5. Guiyuan Li & Guo Cheng & Zhenying Wu & Xiaoxiao Liu, 2022. "Coupling Coordination Research on Disaster-Adapted Resilience of Modern Infrastructure System in the Middle and Lower Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-24, November.
    6. Huiqin Li & Yujie Hui & Jingyan Pan, 2022. "Evolution and Influencing Factors of Social-Ecological System Vulnerability in the Wuling Mountains Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-27, September.
    7. Guiyuan Li & Guo Cheng & Zhenying Wu, 2022. "Resilience Assessment of Urban Complex Giant Systems in Hubei Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Based on Multi-Source Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-16, July.

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