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Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ): Validation in Mexican University Athletes

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  • Faviola Corvera-Velarde

    (Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico)

  • Abril Cantú-Berrueto

    (Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico)

  • Francisco Javier Mendoza-Farias

    (Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico)

  • Jeanette M. López-Walle

    (Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico)

Abstract

From the psychology of sport, the impact of group cohesion on sports performance has been studied extensively; therefore, it is considered important to measure this variable to design interventions that improve collective work to achieve goals together. This study adapted and validated the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) for Mexican university athletes. In a cross-sectional instrumental design, 226 athletes from various team sports completed the scale. Internal consistency statistics and confirmatory factor analyses Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) evaluated psychometrics. After removing three items with weak loadings, three structural models were tested as follows: (a) unidimensional, (b) task vs. social cohesion, and (c) attraction vs. integration. The unidimensional model showed the best fit (χ 2 = 177.33; GFI = 0.90; CFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.07) and high reliability, indicating that cohesion can be treated as a single overarching construct. Task items exhibited higher consistency than social items. In conclusion, the adapted version of the GEQ is a useful tool for the evaluation of cohesion in Mexican university sports, although it is recommended to improve social items and expand its application in different disciplines and competitive levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Faviola Corvera-Velarde & Abril Cantú-Berrueto & Francisco Javier Mendoza-Farias & Jeanette M. López-Walle, 2025. "Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ): Validation in Mexican University Athletes," Societies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-11, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:15:y:2025:i:9:p:259-:d:1750830
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Song Gu & Lan Xue, 2022. "Relationships among Sports Group Cohesion, Psychological Collectivism, Mental Toughness and Athlete Engagement in Chinese Team Sports Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-14, April.
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