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Shadows of Inequality: Exploring the Prevalence and Factors of Discrimination and Harassment in Nigeria

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  • Yu Zan

    (Department of Educational Administration, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X1, Canada)

  • Paul Newton

    (Department of Educational Administration, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X1, Canada)

  • Tayyab Shah

    (Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A4, Canada)

Abstract

Discrimination and harassment (DH) against women are topics of broad concern to gender equality advocates. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DH against women in Nigeria, based on seven specific forms of DH captured in the 2021 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), and to identify key socio-demographic factors associated with an aggregated DH outcome variable. Drawing upon data from 38,806 women aged 15–49, we used descriptive statistics to summarize the prevalence of DH across seven reasons and the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, followed by chi-square analysis to test bivariate associations and binary logistic regression to identify predictors. Results showed that the prevalence of DH against Nigerian women (18.9%) was significantly associated with socio-demographic factors such as age, education level, wealth index, marital status, and ethnicity. At the individual level, women who felt very unhappy had higher odds of experiencing DH (OR = 3.101, 95% CI: 2.393–4.018, p < 0.001) compared to those who felt very happy. In contrast, women with higher/tertiary education (OR = 0.686, 95% CI: 0.560–0.842, p < 0.001) were 31.4% less likely to face DH than those with no education. Regionally, respondents living in Zamfara (OR = 5.045, 95% CI: 3.072–8.288, p < 0.001) were over five times more likely to experience DH than those in Kano state. The findings underscore the need for policy interventions and support systems to address DH against women in Nigeria.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu Zan & Paul Newton & Tayyab Shah, 2025. "Shadows of Inequality: Exploring the Prevalence and Factors of Discrimination and Harassment in Nigeria," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:14:y:2025:i:9:p:520-:d:1736995
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andersson, Matthew A. & Harnois, Catherine E., 2020. "Higher exposure, lower vulnerability? The curious case of education, gender discrimination, and Women's health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
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