Mining Extractivism, Climate Stress, and Water Injustice: A Case Study of the Proposed Jindal Iron-Ore Mine in Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal and Hydrosocial Justice

In water-stressed regions of South Africa, the expansion of extractive industries is compounding the effects of climate change and poor governance, threatening local water security and socio-ecological resilience for hydrosocial justice. This chapter examines the proposed Jindal iron-ore mine in Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal and its anticipated impact on water availability, quality, and governance. Drawing on in-depth interviews with farmers, residents, and environmental stakeholders, the findings reveal a region already suffering from recurrent droughts, El Niño-related climate variability, and over-allocated water resources. Findings reveal concern that the mine would further strain surface and groundwater systems, especially given the industrial demands already placed on the Goedertrouw dam. Other concerns about potential water contamination from tailings, dust, and runoff echo experiences from neighbouring mining areas, where degraded water quality has affected both domestic use and cultural practices. The study also uncovers governance gaps, including weak regulatory oversight, non-compliance with environmental safeguards, and flawed consultation processes that overlook downstream impacts. By situating Melmoth within wider debates on extractivism, climate stress, and environmental justice, the paper calls for an urgent reconsideration of extractive approvals in ecologically vulnerable regions that threaten water security, livelihoods, cultural practices, and sense of place. Ignoring interconnected dimensions risks reinforcing existing vulnerabilities, undermining resilience, and entrenching long-term injustices.