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The Effect of the Human Footprint and Climate Change on Landscape Ecological Risks: A Case Study of the Loess Plateau, China

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  • Zhi Qu

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Yonghua Zhao

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Manya Luo

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Lei Han

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Shuyuan Yang

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Lei Zhang

    (The School of Land Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

Abstract

The increase in ecological risks caused by human activities has become a global concern in recent years. The Landscape Ecological Risk Index based on the theory of landscape ecology is more suitable for assessing large-scale ecological risks. Assessing landscape ecological risks and the mechanisms by which humans directly or indirectly affect them will help to manage and control the regions’ ecological risks through scientific and policy methods. In this study, a new model of landscape ecological risk assessment based on the moving window method is proposed. The Loess Plateau of China is used as an example, and the Human Footprint Index dataset of the Loess Plateau is constructed. Different human footprint factors and climate factors are applied, and the human direct and indirect effects on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau are explored based on the geographical detector model. The results show that, in 2000, 2010 and 2020, the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau are currently in an unstable state, and the highest value area of the Landscape Ecological Risk Index continues to expand, with values of 113,566.1553 km 2 , 114,575.6772 km 2 and 120,718.5363 km 2 , respectively. Among all the human footprint factors, the population density factor has the highest effect on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau. Among the climate factors, both the average temperature factor and the average lagged temperature factor have significant effects on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau. With the interaction of any two human footprint factors and climate factors, the effect of these factors on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau is enhanced.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhi Qu & Yonghua Zhao & Manya Luo & Lei Han & Shuyuan Yang & Lei Zhang, 2022. "The Effect of the Human Footprint and Climate Change on Landscape Ecological Risks: A Case Study of the Loess Plateau, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:217-:d:738807
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Nansha Sun & Qiong Chen & Fenggui Liu & Qiang Zhou & Wenxin He & Yuanyuan Guo, 2023. "Land Use Simulation and Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-14, April.
    2. Shihao Zhang & Junhe Tan & Junhang Liu & Jiaqi Wang & Ata Tara, 2022. "Suitability Prediction and Enhancement of Future Water Supply Systems in Barwon Region in Victoria, Australia," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Dongchuan Wang & Hua Chai & Zhiheng Wang & Kangjian Wang & Hongyi Wang & Hui Long & Jianshe Gao & Aoze Wei & Sirun Wang, 2022. "Dynamic Monitoring and Ecological Risk Analysis of Lake Inundation Areas in Tibetan Plateau," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Xueqing Wang & Zhongyi Ding & Shaoliang Zhang & Huping Hou & Zanxu Chen & Qinyu Wu, 2022. "Spatial–Temporal Multivariate Correlation Analysis of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Risk in Areas of Overlapped Cropland and Coal Resources in the Eastern Plains, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, December.
    5. Xiaoyan Luo & Xun Luo & Xianhua Yang & Jian Wang & Jialing Liao & Yu He & Ye Du & Ye Yang, 2025. "Optimization of the Loess Plateau of the China Ecological Network Pattern Based on a PLUS Model," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, July.
    6. Xun Zhang & Zhaoliang Gao & Yonghong Li & Guanfan Sun & Yunfeng Cen & Yongcai Lou & Yihang Yao & Wenbo Liu, 2023. "Eco-Environment Quality Response to Climate Change and Human Activities on the Loess Plateau, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-23, September.
    7. Hao Liu & Haiguang Hao & Lihui Sun & Tingting Zhou, 2022. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk in the Agro-Pastoral Region in Western China: A Case Study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-23, October.
    8. Junjie Li & Xiaodong Liu & Zhiyu Feng & Jinjin Liu & Yibo Wang & Mengjie Zhang & Xiangbin Peng, 2025. "Ecological Resilience and Sustainable Development: Dynamic Assessment and Evolution Mechanisms of Landscape Patterns and Ecotourism Suitability in the Yangtze River Delta Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-24, August.

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