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Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Michele C. Toledo

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil)

  • Janice S. Lee

    (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA)

  • Bruno Lemos Batista

    (Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil)

  • Kelly P. K. Olympio

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil)

  • Adelaide C. Nardocci

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil)

Abstract

Infant cereals, one of the first solid foods introduced to infants, have been reported to pose risks to human health because they contain toxic elements and an excess of essential elements. The objective of this study was to assess the cancer and non-cancer risk of exposure to essential and toxic elements in infant cereal in Brazil. In our analyses, we included data from 18 samples of infant cereals made from different raw materials and estimated the incremental lifetime cancer risks and non-cancer hazard quotients (HQs) for their consumption. Rice cereal is particularly concerning because it is immensely popular and usually contains high levels of inorganic arsenic. In addition to arsenic, we assessed aluminum, boron, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, and zinc. The cancer risk was highest for rice cereal, which was also found to have an HQ > 1 for most of the tested elements. Inorganic As was the element associated with the highest cancer risk in infant cereal. All of the infant cereals included in this research contained at least one element with an HQ > 1. The essential and non-essential elements that presented HQ > 1 more frequently were zinc and cadmium, respectively. The cancer and non-cancer risks could potentially be decreased by reducing the amount of toxic and essential elements (when in excess), and public policies could have a positive influence on risk management in this complex scenario.

Suggested Citation

  • Michele C. Toledo & Janice S. Lee & Bruno Lemos Batista & Kelly P. K. Olympio & Adelaide C. Nardocci, 2024. "Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(4), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:4:p:381-:d:1361753
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michele C. Toledo & Janice S. Lee & Bruno L. Batista & Kelly P. K. Olympio & Adelaide C. Nardocci, 2022. "Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Tomoyuki Shibata & Can Meng & Josephine Umoren & Heidi West, 2016. "Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-10, March.
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