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A Comprehensive Review of Arsenic Exposure and Risk from Rice and a Risk Assessment among a Cohort of Adolescents in Kunming, China

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  • Noelle Liao

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA)

  • Edmund Seto

    (Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Brenda Eskenazi

    (Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA)

  • May Wang

    (Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA)

  • Yan Li

    (Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650221, Yunnan, China)

  • Jenna Hua

    (Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

Abstract

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is carcinogenic and highly concentrated in rice. Dietary exposure to iAs is concerning among adolescents due to their developmental stage and iAs’s long-latency effects. This paper aimed to assess iAs exposure from rice and related lifetime cancer risks (LCR) among adolescents in Kunming, China. A comprehensive literature review of iAs levels in rice and LCR in humans was also conducted. Average daily consumption of rice (ADC) was estimated from 267 adolescents (15–18 years). Rice samples obtained from 6 markets were analyzed for iAs concentration (AC). Estimated daily intake (EDI) of iAs was calculated using ADC, AC, and average body weight (BW). Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) was calculated using EDI and U.S. EPA derived iAs oral slope factor. The AC was 0.058 mg/kg and the average BW and ADC were 67.5 kg and 410 g/day for males and 55.5 kg and 337 g/day for females. The EDI and LCR were 3.52 × 10 −4 mg/kg-BW/day and 5.28 × 10 −4 for both males and females, with LCR 5 times above the U.S. LCR upper limit of 1.0 × 10 −4 . While the AC was below the Chinese maximum contaminant level of 0.2 mg/kg, study results indicated that Kunming adolescents may be at increased risk for iAs-related cancers.

Suggested Citation

  • Noelle Liao & Edmund Seto & Brenda Eskenazi & May Wang & Yan Li & Jenna Hua, 2018. "A Comprehensive Review of Arsenic Exposure and Risk from Rice and a Risk Assessment among a Cohort of Adolescents in Kunming, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:10:p:2191-:d:174113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Miwako Dakeishi & Katsuyuki Murata & Akiko Tamura & Toyoto Iwata, 2006. "Relation Between Benchmark Dose and No‐Observed‐Adverse‐Effect Level in Clinical Research: Effects of Daily Alcohol Intake on Blood Pressure in Japanese Salesmen," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(1), pages 115-123, February.
    2. Tomoyuki Shibata & Can Meng & Josephine Umoren & Heidi West, 2016. "Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-10, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shengfa F. Liao & M. Shamimul Hasan & Zhongyue Yang & Andrew W. Stevens & James Brett & Zhaohua Peng, 2020. "Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-14, November.

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