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Comparison of Personal or Indoor PM 2.5 Exposure Level to That of Outdoor: Over Four Seasons in Selected Urban, Industrial, and Rural Areas of South Korea: (K-IOP Study)

Author

Listed:
  • Chiyou Song

    (Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

  • Chris Chaeha Lim

    (Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA)

  • Birhan Legese Gurmu

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

  • Mingi Kim

    (Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

  • Sangoon Lee

    (Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

  • Jinsoo Park

    (Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

  • Sungroul Kim

    (Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the distribution of indoor, outdoor, and personal PM 2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm) hourly concentrations measured simultaneously among 81 nonsmoking elderly participants (65 years or older) living in urban, industrial, or rural areas over 4 seasons (2 weeks per season) from November 2021 to July 2022). PM 2.5 measurements were conducted using low-cost sensors with quality control and quality assurance tests. Seasonal outdoor PM 2.5 levels were 16.4 (9.1–29.6) μg/m 3 , 20.5 (13.0–38.0) μg/m 3 , 18.2 (10.2–31.8) μg/m 3 , and 9.5 (3.8–18.7) μg/m 3 for fall, winter, spring, and summer, respectively. For indoor PM 2.5 , the median seasonal range was 5.9–7.5 μg/m 3 , and the median personal PM 2.5 exposure concentration was 8.0–9.4 μg/m 3 . This study provided seasonal distributions of IO (ratio of indoor to outdoor PM 2.5 concentration) and PO (ratio of personal to outdoor PM 2.5 concentration) using a total of 94,676 paired data points. The median seasonal IO ranged from 0.30 to 0.51 in fall, winter, and spring; its value of summer was 0.70. The median PO by season and study area were close to 1.0 in summer while it ranged 0.5 to 0.7 in other seasons, statistically significantly lower ( p < 0.05) than that in summer. Our study has revealed that the real-world exposure level to PM 2.5 among our elderly study participants might be lower than what was initially expected based on the outdoor data for most of the time. Further investigation may need to identify the reasons for the discrepancy, personal behavior patterns, and the effectiveness of any indoor air quality control system.

Suggested Citation

  • Chiyou Song & Chris Chaeha Lim & Birhan Legese Gurmu & Mingi Kim & Sangoon Lee & Jinsoo Park & Sungroul Kim, 2023. "Comparison of Personal or Indoor PM 2.5 Exposure Level to That of Outdoor: Over Four Seasons in Selected Urban, Industrial, and Rural Areas of South Korea: (K-IOP Study)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(17), pages 1-12, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:17:p:6684-:d:1229107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jinyoung Shin & Hyungwoo Lee & Hyeongsu Kim, 2020. "Association between Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Age-Related Cataract: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Jinyoung Shin & Seol-Heui Han & Jaekyung Choi, 2019. "Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-13, October.
    3. Jing Ma & Yinhua Tao & Mei-Po Kwan & Yanwei Chai, 2020. "Assessing Mobility-Based Real-Time Air Pollution Exposure in Space and Time Using Smart Sensors and GPS Trajectories in Beijing," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(2), pages 434-448, March.
    4. Alimata Sidibe & Yosuke Sakamoto & Kentaro Murano & Ousmane A. Koita & Ibrahim Traore & Yacouba Dansoko & Yoshizumi Kajii, 2022. "Personal Exposure to Fine Particles (PM 2.5 ) in Northwest Africa: Case of the Urban City of Bamako in Mali," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-17, January.
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