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Effects of Sitting Callisthenic Balance and Resistance Exercise Programs on Cognitive Function in Older Participants

Author

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  • Sławomir Kujawski

    (Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Kujawska

    (Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Mariusz Kozakiewicz

    (Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Djordje G. Jakovljevic

    (Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
    Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
    Research Centre [CSELS], Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, and University Hospitals, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK)

  • Błażej Stankiewicz

    (Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Jana Karola Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Julia L. Newton

    (Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK)

  • Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska

    (Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Paweł Zalewski

    (Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland
    Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Warsaw Medical University, 1b Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Background: Exercise training programs have the potential to improve cognitive function in older subjects. However, the majority of training programs are based on aerobic modality. In the current study, the influence of 3 months programs of sitting callisthenic balance (SCB) and resistance training (RT) on cognitive functioning and the mediating role that a change in the level of neurotrophic factors and strength in older, healthy participants plays were examined. Material and methods: Global cognitive function was examined using MoCA, short-term memory using Digit Span and Delayed Matching to Sample, set shifting using Trial Making Test Part B, speed of processing simple visual stimuli using Simple Reaction Time, decision making using Choice Reaction Time, visual attention with Visual Attention Test (VAT), tests. Strength of lower and upper limbs, neurotrophin level (irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT 4/5) were examined. Results: Improved scores in RT vs. SCB were noted in MoCA ( p = 0.02), reaction time in SRT ( p = 0.02), TMT B ( p = 0.03), errors committed in CRT ( p = 0.04) and VAT ( p = 0.02) were observed. No significant changes in the level of neurotrophic factors were observed. Changes in upper limb strength were related to changes in the number of errors committed in the SRT ( p = 0.03). Lower limb strength changes explained the dynamics of the number of correct answers ( p = 0.002) and errors committed ( p = 0.006) in VAT. Conclusions: Both SCB and RT influenced multiple cognitive domains. The RT program improved global cognitive functioning, while no improvement was noticed in the SCB group. Decision making, visual attention and global cognitive function were improved after the RT program. Set-shifting, short-term visual memory processing speed of simple visual stimuli were improved after the SCB program, while a decrease in the processing speed of simple visual stimuli was noted in the RT group. Changes in irisin were related to set-shifting and short-term memory, while in BDNF to an improvement in the processing speed of simple visual stimuli. Resistance exercise training programs could be applied to prevent age related declines of cognitive function in healthy older subjects.

Suggested Citation

  • Sławomir Kujawski & Agnieszka Kujawska & Mariusz Kozakiewicz & Djordje G. Jakovljevic & Błażej Stankiewicz & Julia L. Newton & Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska & Paweł Zalewski, 2022. "Effects of Sitting Callisthenic Balance and Resistance Exercise Programs on Cognitive Function in Older Participants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:14925-:d:971263
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lenth, Russell V., 2016. "Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 69(i01).
    2. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
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    1. Natalia Wołoszyn & Justyna Brożonowicz & Joanna Grzegorczyk & Justyna Leszczak & Andrzej Kwolek & Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej, 2023. "The Impact of Physical Exercises with Elements of Dance Movement Therapy on Anthropometric Parameters and Physical Fitness among Functionally Limited Older Nursing Home Residents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Maria Antonieta Tinôco & Marcelo de Maio Nascimento & Adilson Marques & Élvio Rúbio Gouveia & Salvador Miguel & Francisco Santos & Andreas Ihle, 2023. "The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Cognitive Functions in Older People: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-28, November.

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