IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i4p2080-d503067.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Clustered Cardiovascular Risk in South African Primary Schoolchildren from Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Siphesihle Nqweniso

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Cheryl Walter

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Rosa du Randt

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Larissa Adams

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Johanna Beckmann

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Jan Degen

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Stefanie Gall

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Nandi Joubert

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Christin Lang

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Kurt Z. Long

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Ivan Müller

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Madeleine Nienaber

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Uwe Pühse

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Harald Seelig

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Danielle Smith

    (Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6019, South Africa)

  • Peter Steinmann

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Jürg Utzinger

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Markus Gerber

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

Abstract

The coexistence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors has been reported in school-aged children from the age of nine years, but most evidence stems from high-income countries. This cross-sectional study aimed at describing the cardiovascular health risk, physical activity (PA) behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of South African primary schoolchildren, and at examining the associations between PA/CRF and a composite measure of cardiovascular risk. Cross-sectional data from 832 primary schoolchildren (grade 1–4) were analyzed. Total cholesterol/HDL ratio, triglycerides, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, body fat, and glycated hemoglobin were assessed as cardiovascular risk markers. Data were analyzed via mixed linear regressions and analyses of covariance. Overall, 24.2% of the participants did not meet current PA standards. Higher CRF/PA were associated with lower body fat and lower clustered cardiovascular risk ( p < 0.05). When categorizing children into CRF/PA quartiles, a lower clustered cardiovascular risk gradient was found in children with higher CRF ( p < 0.05) or PA ( p < 0.05). Our data shows that higher CRF/PA is associated with lower clustered cardiovascular risk already from a young age. Given that clustered cardiovascular risk present during childhood can track into adulthood, we advocate for PA participation and a healthy weight from a young age onwards.

Suggested Citation

  • Siphesihle Nqweniso & Cheryl Walter & Rosa du Randt & Larissa Adams & Johanna Beckmann & Jan Degen & Stefanie Gall & Nandi Joubert & Christin Lang & Kurt Z. Long & Ivan Müller & Madeleine Nienaber & U, 2021. "Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Clustered Cardiovascular Risk in South African Primary Schoolchildren from Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2080-:d:503067
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2080/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2080/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Danladi I. Musa & Abel L. Toriola & Daniel T. Goon & Sunday U. Jonathan, 2020. "Association of Fitness and Fatness with Clustered Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Nigerian Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Stella K. Muthuri & Lucy-Joy M. Wachira & Allana G. Leblanc & Claire E. Francis & Margaret Sampson & Vincent O. Onywera & Mark S. Tremblay, 2014. "Temporal Trends and Correlates of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Physical Fitness among School-Aged Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-33, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Markus Gerber & Christin Lang & Johanna Beckmann & Rosa du Randt & Kurt Z. Long & Ivan Müller & Madeleine Nienaber & Nicole Probst-Hensch & Peter Steinmann & Uwe Pühse & Jürg Utzinger & Siphesihle Nqw, 2022. "Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, Weight Status, and Body Composition among South African Primary Schoolchildren," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-16, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Karl Peltzer & Supa Pengpid, 2016. "Leisure Time Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviour and Lifestyle Correlates among Students Aged 13–15 in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States, 2007–2013," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Adama Diouf & Mbeugué Thiam & Nicole Idohou-Dossou & Ousmane Diongue & Ndé Mégné & Khady Diallo & Pape Malick Sembène & Salimata Wade, 2016. "Physical Activity Level and Sedentary Behaviors among Public School Children in Dakar (Senegal) Measured by PAQ-C and Accelerometer: Preliminary Results," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-11, October.
    3. Beverly Msambichaka & Ramadhani Abdul & Salim Abdulla & Paul Klatser & Marcel Tanner & Ramaiya Kaushik & Bettina Bringolf-Isler & Eveline Geubbels & Ikenna C. Eze, 2018. "A Cross-Sectional Examination of Physical Activity Levels and Their Socio-Demographic Determinants in Southern Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-15, May.
    4. Adeline Pretorius & Paola Wood & Piet Becker & Friede Wenhold, 2022. "Physical Activity and Related Factors in Pre-Adolescent Southern African Children of Diverse Population Groups," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-15, August.
    5. Fernanda Karina Dos Santos & José A. R. Maia & Thayse Natacha Q. F. Gomes & Timóteo Daca & Aspacia Madeira & Albertino Damasceno & Peter T. Katzmarzyk & António Prista, 2014. "Secular Trends in Habitual Physical Activities of Mozambican Children and Adolescents from Maputo City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-11, October.
    6. Katarzyna Zadka & Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk & Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz, 2018. "Relation between Environmental Factors and Children’s Health Behaviors Contributing to the Occurrence of Diet-Related Diseases in Central Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, December.
    7. Sonja Klingberg & Catherine E. Draper & Lisa K. Micklesfield & Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon & Esther M. F. van Sluijs, 2019. "Childhood Obesity Prevention in Africa: A Systematic Review of Intervention Effectiveness and Implementation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-18, April.
    8. Cunjian Bi & Feng Zhang & Yang Gu & Yi Song & Xiaodi Cai, 2020. "Secular Trend in the Physical Fitness of Xinjiang Children and Adolescents between 1985 and 2014," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-14, March.
    9. Clemens Drenowatz & Franz Hinterkörner & Klaus Greier, 2020. "Physical Fitness in Upper Austrian Children Living in Urban and Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with More Than 18,000 Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-12, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2080-:d:503067. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.