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Effects of Hand-Washing Facilities with Water and Soap on Diarrhea Incidence among Children under Five Years in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

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  • Yuko Noguchi

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan)

  • Daisuke Nonaka

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan)

  • Sengchanh Kounnavong

    (Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Samsenthai Road, Ban Kaognot, Sisattanack District, Vientiane 01030, Laos)

  • Jun Kobayashi

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan)

Abstract

Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children under five (U5) in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). This study assessed the association between the presence of household hand-washing facilities with water and soap and diarrhea episodes among children U5 in Lao PDR. Data from the Lao Social Indicator Survey II were used. The outcome variable was diarrhea episodes in the two weeks preceding the survey. The main predictor variable was the presence of household hand-washing facilities with or without water and/or soap. Mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association, controlling for clustering, and other predictor variables. Of the 8640 households surveyed with 11,404 children, 49.1% possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap and 34.7% possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone. Children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone were significantly more likely to have a diarrhea episode compared to children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap (8.1% vs. 5.9%; odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–1.81). The association remained significant even after adjusting for other predictors. The absence of soap in hand-washing facilities was associated with higher odds of having a diarrhea episode among children U5 in Lao PDR.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuko Noguchi & Daisuke Nonaka & Sengchanh Kounnavong & Jun Kobayashi, 2021. "Effects of Hand-Washing Facilities with Water and Soap on Diarrhea Incidence among Children under Five Years in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:687-:d:480605
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anna N. Chard & Matthew C. Freeman, 2018. "Design, Intervention Fidelity, and Behavioral Outcomes of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Cluster-Randomized Trial in Laos," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Maxine Burton & Emma Cobb & Peter Donachie & Gaby Judah & Val Curtis & Wolf-Peter Schmidt, 2011. "The Effect of Handwashing with Water or Soap on Bacterial Contamination of Hands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-8, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hanako Iwashita & Asako Tokizawa & Vu Dinh Thiem & Taichiro Takemura & Tuan Hai Nguyen & Hang Thi Doan & Anh Hong Quynh Pham & Na Ly Tran & Tetsu Yamashiro, 2022. "Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-19, February.

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