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Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

Author

Listed:
  • Areej Alhothali

    (Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Tahir Haneef

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
    Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Kawthar Mostafa Moria

    (Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Umer Rashid

    (Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Kashif Rasool

    (Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 5825, Qatar)

  • Omaimah Omar Bamasag

    (Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
    Center of Excellence in Smart Environment Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life, human beings, and the environment. PAHs are pervasive atmospheric compounds that cause nervous system damage, mental retardation, cancer, and renal kidney diseases. This research presents the first usage of palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) (obtained from agricultural waste) for PAH removal from industrial wastewater (oil and gas wastewater/produced water). A batch scale study was conducted for the remediation of PAHs and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water. The influence of operating parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, and contact time was optimized and validated using a response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, i.e., biochar dosage 2.99 g L −1 , pH 4.0, and contact time 208.89 min, 93.16% of PAHs and 97.84% of COD were predicted. However, under optimized conditions of independent variables, 95.34% of PAH and 98.21% of COD removal was obtained in the laboratory. The experimental data were fitted to the empirical second-order model of a suitable degree for the maximum removal of PAHs and COD by the biochar. ANOVA analysis showed a high coefficient of determination value (R 2 = 0.97) and a reasonable second-order regression prediction. Additionally, the study also showed a comparative analysis of PKSB with previously used agricultural waste biochar for PAH and COD removal. The PKSB showed significantly higher removal efficiency than other types of biochar. The study also provides analysis on the reusability of PKSB for up to four cycles using two different methods. The methods reflected a significantly good performance for PAH and COD removal for up to two cycles. Hence, the study demonstrated a successful application of PKSB as a potential sustainable adsorbent for the removal of micro-pollutants from produced water.

Suggested Citation

  • Areej Alhothali & Tahir Haneef & Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa & Kawthar Mostafa Moria & Umer Rashid & Kashif Rasool & Omaimah Omar Bamasag, 2021. "Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11506-:d:670141
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah & Rashid, Umer & Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman & Hazmi, Balkis & Alharthi, Fahad A. & Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi, 2021. "Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
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