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The Importance of Cardiorespiratory vs. Muscular Fitness in Reducing the Odds of Hypertension in War Veterans: A Population-Based Study

Author

Listed:
  • Mario Kasović

    (Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
    Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Lovro Štefan

    (Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
    Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
    Faculty of Science, Department of Recruitment and Examination (RECETOX), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Zvonimir Kalčik

    (Home of Croatian Veterans, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine separate and combined associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and musculoskeletal fitness (MF) with hypertension. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 764 men and women aged 45–75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 to 1995 (33.5% women). CRF included the 2-min step test, while MF was consisted of push-ups in 30 s, chair-stands in 30 s and sit-ups in 30 s. The prevalence of hypertension was defined according to new American College of Cardiology and American Hearts Association Blood Pressure Guidelines for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg and/or ≥80 mmHg. Results: In models adjusted for sex, age, fatness and fasting blood glucose, we found a graded inverse association between CRF and MF with hypertension. Less cardiorespiratory and muscular fit individuals were more likely to have hypertension. When CRF and MF were combined, individuals with high MF and low CRF, low MF and high CRF and low MF and CRF were 1.77, 2.15 and 7.09 more likely to have of hypertension. Conclusion: Both CRF and MF are associated with the prevalence of hypertension, while the magnitude of the associations between MF and hypertension was more pronounced.

Suggested Citation

  • Mario Kasović & Lovro Štefan & Zvonimir Kalčik, 2021. "The Importance of Cardiorespiratory vs. Muscular Fitness in Reducing the Odds of Hypertension in War Veterans: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-10, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11120-:d:662589
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mario Kasović & Zvonimir Kalčik & Lovro Štefan & Andro Štefan & Damir Knjaz & Marijana Braš, 2021. "Normative Data for Blood Pressure in Croatian War Veterans: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-7, April.
    2. Smith, E.A. & Malone, R.E., 2009. ""Everywhere the soldier will be": Wartime tobacco promotion in the us military," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 99(9), pages 1595-1602.
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