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Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Aqib Javed

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Iqra Naeem

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Noreddine Benkerroum

    (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Rd Charlottetown, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada)

  • Muhammad Riaz

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Saeed Akhtar

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Amir Ismail

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Sajid

    (Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Tayyab Khan

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
    Nishter Medical Hospital, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Zubair Ismail

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

Abstract

Eastern herbal medicines (HMs) are plant-derived naturally occurring substances with minimum or no industrial processing that have long been used in traditional medicine. Aflatoxins are frequent contaminants of plants. Therefore, these mycotoxins are likely to contaminate HMs and pose a health risk to individuals using them on a regular basis as preventive or curative treatments of various diseases. The present study aimed to determine aflatoxin levels in the most popular Pakistani HM formulations and to assess the health risk associated with the intake of aflatoxins. A total of 400 samples of HM formulations collected from four districts of Punjab were analyzed for the quantification of aflatoxins, out of which 52.5% were found to be contaminated. The average daily dose (ADD) of AFB 1 and AFs through the intake of HM formulations ranged between 0.00483 and 0.118 ng/kg bw/day and between 0.00579 and 1.714 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) and population cancer risk ranged from 99.49 to 29378.8 and from 0.00011 to 0.0325 liver cancer cases/10 5 individuals/year (0.0075–2.455 liver cancer cases/10 5 individuals/75 years), respectively. Despite the low exposure to aflatoxins from HM formulations in the four studied Punjab (Pakistan) districts, the frequent contamination of the analyzed samples suggests that official measures should be considered to manage the associated risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Aqib Javed & Iqra Naeem & Noreddine Benkerroum & Muhammad Riaz & Saeed Akhtar & Amir Ismail & Muhammad Sajid & Muhammad Tayyab Khan & Zubair Ismail, 2021. "Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-21, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9531-:d:632615
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Noreddine Benkerroum, 2020. "Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-28, January.
    2. Noreddine Benkerroum, 2020. "Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-40, February.
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    1. Iqra Naeem & Amir Ismail & Awais Ur Rehman & Zubair Ismail & Shehzadi Saima & Ambreen Naz & Asim Faraz & Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira & Noreddine Benkerroum & Muhammad Zahid Aslam & Rashida As, 2022. "Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Selected Dry Fruits, Impact of Storage Conditions on Contamination Levels and Associated Health Risks on Pakistani Consumers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-20, March.
    2. Hye In Jeong & Ji-Eun Han & Byung-Cheul Shin & Soobin Jang & Jae-Hee Won & Kyeong Han Kim & Soo-Hyun Sung, 2022. "Herbal Decoctions for the Levels of Sulfur Dioxide, Benzopyrene, and Mycotoxin from Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics: A Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-10, October.

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