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Zoonotic Risk of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Laboratory Strategies for the Diagnosis of Infections in Humans and Animals

Author

Listed:
  • Antonio Santaniello

    (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
    Antonio Santaniello and Ilaria Cimmino equally contributed to this work.)

  • Ilaria Cimmino

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Antonio Santaniello and Ilaria Cimmino equally contributed to this work.)

  • Ludovico Dipineto

    (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy)

  • Ayewa Lawoe Agognon

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Francesco Beguinot

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Pietro Formisano

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Alessandro Fioretti

    (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy)

  • Lucia Francesca Menna

    (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy)

  • Francesco Oriente

    (Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

The involvement of animals for therapeutic purposes has very ancient roots. To date, it is clear that animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), in addition to ensuring the replacement of missing or deficient affects, improves psychophysiological parameters connected to human health. However, AAI could potentially present risks related to the transmission of infectious agents from animals to humans. Among these microorganisms, E. cuniculi is a microspore which induces pathological effects (fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathlessness, respiratory symptoms, and weakness) in both humans and animals. Consequently, an accurate and fast diagnosis of E. cuniculi infection, as well as the identification of new diagnostic approaches, is of fundamental importance. This literature review was carried out to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent diagnostic techniques to prevent and care for E. cuniculi -associated risks in the AAI field.

Suggested Citation

  • Antonio Santaniello & Ilaria Cimmino & Ludovico Dipineto & Ayewa Lawoe Agognon & Francesco Beguinot & Pietro Formisano & Alessandro Fioretti & Lucia Francesca Menna & Francesco Oriente, 2021. "Zoonotic Risk of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Laboratory Strategies for the Diagnosis of Infections in Humans and Animals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-16, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:17:p:9333-:d:628754
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Antonio Santaniello & Susanne Garzillo & Alessia Amato & Mario Sansone & Alessandro Fioretti & Lucia Francesca Menna, 2020. "Occurrence of Pasteurella multocida in Dogs Being Trained for Animal-Assisted Therapy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-9, September.
    2. Lucia Francesca Menna & Antonio Santaniello & Margherita Todisco & Alessia Amato & Luca Borrelli & Cristiano Scandurra & Alessandro Fioretti, 2019. "The Human–Animal Relationship as the Focus of Animal-Assisted Interventions: A One Health Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-10, September.
    3. S. Jasmijn Vos & Joris J. Wijnker & Paul A. M. Overgaauw, 2021. "A Pilot Study on the Contamination of Assistance Dogs’ Paws and Their Users’ Shoe Soles in Relation to Admittance to Hospitals and (In)Visible Disability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-28, January.
    4. Karin Hediger & Andrea Meisser & Jakob Zinsstag, 2019. "A One Health Research Framework for Animal-Assisted Interventions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-6, February.
    5. Giulia Simonato & Patrizia Danesi & Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono & Giorgia Dotto & Cinzia Tessarin & Mario Pietrobelli & Daniela Pasotto, 2020. "Surveillance of Zoonotic Parasites in Animals Involved in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-11, October.
    6. Antonio Santaniello & Mario Sansone & Alessandro Fioretti & Lucia Francesca Menna, 2020. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Occurrence of ESKAPE Bacteria Group in Dogs, and the Related Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Therapy, and in Animal-Assisted Activity in the Health Context," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.
    7. Antonio Santaniello & Lorena Varriale & Ludovico Dipineto & Luca Borrelli & Antonino Pace & Alessandro Fioretti & Lucia Francesca Menna, 2021. "Presence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Dogs under Training for Animal-Assisted Therapies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-10, April.
    8. Paul A.M. Overgaauw & Claudia M. Vinke & Marjan A.E. van Hagen & Len J.A. Lipman, 2020. "A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-29, May.
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