IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i17p9025-d623093.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes

Author

Listed:
  • Jorge Lorenzo Calvo

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Miriam Granado-Peinado

    (Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain)

  • Alfonso de la Rubia

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Diego Muriarte

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Alberto Lorenzo

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Daniel Mon-López

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions designed to slow the spread of infection greatly disrupted people’s lives. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown on the psychology, training, and sleep habits of a cohort of basketball players. An online survey involving 169 professional and amateur athletes was conducted using four validated psychological questionnaires (WLEIS-S, POMS, BRS, SMS-II) and a Likert scale to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training variables. Gender differences in fatigue ( p = 0.022); friendships ( p = 0.017); others’ emotional appraisal ( p < 0.001); and resilience ( p = 0.031) were apparent, with higher values for women in all categories bar resilience. Comparisons before and during the lockdown revealed that all participants reduced their RPE ( p < 0.001); training days ( p = 0.004); and training hours ( p < 0.001), and experienced a decline in the quality of sleep ( p < 0.001). Sleep hours ( p < 0.001) increased during lockdown. The professionals and females maintained their training days ( p > 0.05), while the non-professionals and males did not. Psychological states during lockdown were a predictor of the differences in training and recovery variables. In situations where training and competition are limited, it is important to develop plans to maintain physical activity, good quality sleep, and promote greater emotional management and understanding to control negative moods.

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge Lorenzo Calvo & Miriam Granado-Peinado & Alfonso de la Rubia & Diego Muriarte & Alberto Lorenzo & Daniel Mon-López, 2021. "Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:17:p:9025-:d:623093
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/9025/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/9025/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amel Tayech & Mohamed Arbi Mejri & Issam Makhlouf & Ameni Mathlouthi & David G. Behm & Anis Chaouachi, 2020. "Second Wave of COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Athletes’ Confinement: Recommendations to Better Manage and Optimize the Modified Lifestyle," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-12, November.
    2. Adrian Bartoszek & Dariusz Walkowiak & Agnieszka Bartoszek & Grzegorz Kardas, 2020. "Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement—A Study from Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-12, October.
    3. Daniel Mon-López & Francisco Moreira da Silva & Santiago Calero Morales & Olga López-Torres & Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, 2019. "What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-12, November.
    4. Souhail Hermassi & El Ghali Bouhafs & Nicola Luigi Bragazzi & Shiro Ichimura & Khaled E. Alsharji & Lawrence D. Hayes & René Schwesig, 2021. "Effects of Home Confinement on the Intensity of Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Team Handball According to Country, Gender, Competition Level, and Playing Position: A Worldwide Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-21, April.
    5. Daniel Mon-López & Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza & Mónica Hontoria Galán & Ignacio Refoyo Roman, 2020. "The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-14, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marie-Anne Melone & Claire Tourny & Brian K. Gehlbach & Eli L. Schmidt & Matthieu Lalevée & Maxime L’Hermette, 2022. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Poor Sleep Quality in Collegiate Athletes during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Francesca Gallè & Carmela Protano & Matteo Zaccarin & Stefano Zanni & Federica Valeriani & Giorgio Liguori & Vincenzo Romano Spica & Matteo Vitali, 2022. "Swimming at the Time of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Italian Competitive Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-8, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Souhail Hermassi & El Ghali Bouhafs & Nicola Luigi Bragazzi & Shiro Ichimura & Khaled E. Alsharji & Lawrence D. Hayes & René Schwesig, 2021. "Effects of Home Confinement on the Intensity of Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Team Handball According to Country, Gender, Competition Level, and Playing Position: A Worldwide Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Alicja Jurecka & Paulina Skucińska & Artur Gądek, 2021. "Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Pandemic on Physical Activity, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Professional Athletes—A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Remigiusz Dróżdż & Marcin Pasek & Magdalena Zając & Mirosława Szark-Eckardt, 2022. "Physical Culture and Sports as an Educational Basis of Students’ Healthy Physical Activities during and Post-Lockdown COVID-19 Restrictions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-11, September.
    4. Tiberiu Constantin Ionescu & Bogdana Ioana Fetecau & Stefan Zaharia & Elma-Maria Mînecan & Catalina Tudose, 2023. "Sleepless Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Insomnia Symptoms among Professionally Active Romanians during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Ankica Kosic & Tamara Džamonja Ignjatović & Nebojša Petrović, 2021. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Distress during COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Protective and Risk Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-15, July.
    6. Amel Tayech & Mohamed Arbi Mejri & Issam Makhlouf & Ameni Mathlouthi & David G. Behm & Anis Chaouachi, 2021. "Correction: Tayech, A., et al. Second Wave of COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Athletes’ Confinement: Recommendations to Better Manage and Optimize the Modified Lifestyle. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Hea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-1, March.
    7. Agata Trzcionka & Marta Włodarczyk-Sielicka & Piotr Surmiak & Anna Szymańska & Artur Pohl & Marta Tanasiewicz, 2022. "Quality of Life Assessment in Students from Polish Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic According to WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-10, July.
    8. Vahid Sobhani & Mohammadjavad Rostamizadeh & Seyed Morteza Hosseini & Seyed Ebrahim Hashemi & Ignacio Refoyo Román & Daniel Mon-López, 2022. "Anthropometric, Physiological, and Psychological Variables That Determine the Elite Pistol Performance of Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-10, January.
    9. Anders Håkansson & Karin Moesch & Caroline Jönsson & Göran Kenttä, 2020. "Potentially Prolonged Psychological Distress from Postponed Olympic and Paralympic Games during COVID-19—Career Uncertainty in Elite Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-9, December.
    10. Michalina Ilska & Anna Kołodziej-Zaleska & Anna Brandt-Salmeri & Heidi Preis & Marci Lobel, 2021. "Pandemic Stress and Its Correlates among Pregnant Women during the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-11, October.
    11. Sandra Figueiredo & Raquel João & Laura Alho & João Hipólito, 2022. "Psychological Research on Sleep Problems and Adjustment of Working Hours during Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, November.
    12. Daniel Mon-López & Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza & Mónica Hontoria Galán & Ignacio Refoyo Roman, 2020. "The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-14, September.
    13. Philipp Bagus & José Antonio Peña-Ramos & Antonio Sánchez-Bayón, 2021. "COVID-19 and the Political Economy of Mass Hysteria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    14. Jad Adrian Washif & Achraf Ammar & Khaled Trabelsi & Karim Chamari & Christabelle Sheau Miin Chong & Siti Fuzyma Ayu Mohd Kassim & Philip Chun Foong Lew & Abdulaziz Farooq & David B. Pyne & Carl James, 2021. "Regression Analysis of Perceived Stress among Elite Athletes from Changes in Diet, Routine and Well-Being: Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown and “Bubble” Training Camps," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-15, December.
    15. Anna Ussorowska-Krokosz & Jan Blecharz & Malgorzata Siekanska & Monika Grygorowicz, 2023. "Coping with COVID-19: Can a Sense of Coherence and Social Support Play a Protective Role in the Perception of COVID-19 by Polish Women Football Players? A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(13), pages 1-14, July.
    16. Eva Hernandez-Garcia & Evangelia Chrysikou & Anastasia Z. Kalea, 2021. "The Interplay between Housing Environmental Attributes and Design Exposures and Psychoneuroimmunology Profile—An Exploratory Review and Analysis Paper in the Cancer Survivors’ Mental Health Morbidity ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-32, October.
    17. José Manuel Prieto-Fresco & Daniel Medina-Rebollo & Jesús Fernández-Gavira & Antonio Muñoz-Llerena, 2022. "A Study on the Injury Rate of Spanish Competitive Athletes as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    18. Xueqin Wang & Yiik Diew Wong & Kum Fai Yuen, 2021. "Does COVID-19 Promote Self-Service Usage among Modern Shoppers? An Exploration of Pandemic-Driven Behavioural Changes in Self-Collection Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-22, August.
    19. Ewa Szuster & Paulina Kostrzewska & Anna Pawlikowska & Amanda Mandera & Małgorzata Biernikiewicz & Małgorzata Sobieszczańska & Krystyna Rożek-Piechura & Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka & Agnieszka Rusiecka , 2022. "Depressive and Sexual Disorders during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Young Polish Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-12, February.
    20. Anna Mazur & Elżbieta Bartoń, 2022. "The Structure of the Relationship between Physical Activity and Psychosocial Functioning of Women and Men during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-22, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:17:p:9025-:d:623093. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.