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COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

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  • María Pilar Jiménez

    (Departamento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Jennifer A. Rieker

    (Departamento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • José Manuel Reales

    (Departamento de Metodología para las Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Soledad Ballesteros

    (Departamento de Psicología Básica II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the daily lives of the population with dramatic effects caused not only by the health risks of the coronavirus, but also by its psychological and social impact in large sectors of the worldwide population. The present study adapted the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) to the Spanish population, and 1094 Spanish adults (mean age 52.55 years, 241 males) completed the Spanish version in a cross-sectional online survey. To analyze the factorial structure and reliability of the CPDI, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the Spanish sample. The effects of gender and age on the degree of distress were analyzed using the factorial scores of the CPDI as the dependent variables. Results showed that, after rotation, the first factor ( Stress symptoms ) accounted for 35% of the total variance and the second factor ( COVID-19 information ) for 15%. Around 25% ( n = 279) of the participants experienced mild to moderate distress symptoms, 16% ( n = 179) severe distress, and about 58% ( n = 636) showed no distress symptoms. Women experienced more distress than men ( p < 0.01 ), and distress decreased with age ( p < 0.01 ). We conclude that the CPDI seems a promising screening tool for the rapid detection of potential peritraumatic stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • María Pilar Jiménez & Jennifer A. Rieker & José Manuel Reales & Soledad Ballesteros, 2021. "COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:10:p:5253-:d:554998
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. John Horn, 1965. "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 30(2), pages 179-185, June.
    4. Julio Torales & Marcelo O’Higgins & João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia & Antonio Ventriglio, 2020. "The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 66(4), pages 317-320, June.
    5. Cristina Mazza & Eleonora Ricci & Silvia Biondi & Marco Colasanti & Stefano Ferracuti & Christian Napoli & Paolo Roma, 2020. "A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-14, May.
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    1. Eleonora Marzilli & Luca Cerniglia & Silvia Cimino & Renata Tambelli, 2022. "Internet Addiction among Young Adult University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress, Attachment, and Alexithymia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-22, November.
    2. Andrea D. Y. Lee & Peizhong Peter Wang & Weiguo Zhang & Lixia Yang, 2022. "COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress and Loneliness in Chinese Residents in North America: The Role of Contraction Worry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Jacinthe Dion & Catherine Hamel & Camille Clermont & Marie-Ève Blackburn & Martine Hébert & Linda Paquette & Daniel Lalande & Sophie Bergeron, 2022. "Changes in Canadian Adolescent Well-Being since the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Prior Child Maltreatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-13, August.
    4. repec:msn:gcaocc:16-06 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Giulia Ballarotto & Eleonora Marzilli & Luca Cerniglia & Silvia Cimino & Renata Tambelli, 2021. "How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.

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