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COVID-19 Emergence and Social and Health Determinants in Colorado: A Rapid Spatial Analysis

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  • Ivan J. Ramírez

    (Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
    Consortium for Capacity Building/Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA)

  • Jieun Lee

    (Department of Geography, GIS, and Sustainability, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA)

Abstract

The aim of this rapid analysis was to investigate the spatial patterns of COVID-19 emergence across counties in Colorado. In the U.S. West, Colorado has the second highest number of cases and deaths, second only to California. Colorado is also reporting, like other states, that communities of color and low-income persons are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Using GIS and correlation analysis, this study explored COVID-19 incidence and deaths from March 14 to April 8, 2020, with social determinants and chronic conditions. Preliminary results demonstrate that COVID-19 incidence intensified in mountain communities west of Denver and along the Urban Front Range, and evolved into new centers of risk in eastern Colorado. Overall, the greatest increase in COVID-19 incidence was in northern Colorado, i.e., Weld County, which reported the highest rates in the Urban Front Range. Social and health determinants associated with higher COVID-19-related deaths were population density and asthma, indicative of urban areas, and poverty and unemployment, suggestive of rural areas. Furthermore, a spatial overlap of high rates of chronic diseases with high rates of COVID-19 may suggest a broader syndemic health burden, where comorbidities intersect with inequality of social determinants of health.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivan J. Ramírez & Jieun Lee, 2020. "COVID-19 Emergence and Social and Health Determinants in Colorado: A Rapid Spatial Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:11:p:3856-:d:364495
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yousey-Hindes, K.M. & Hadler, J.L., 2011. "Neighborhood socioeconomic status and influenza hospitalizations among children: New Haven County, Connecticut, 2003-2010," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(9), pages 1785-1789.
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    Cited by:

    1. Javier Cifuentes-Faura, 2021. "COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-10, June.
    2. Maryam Sabir & Yazan Al-Tarshan & Cameron Snapp & Martin Brown & Roland Walker & Amy Han & Tatiana Kostrominova, 2023. "Analysis of COVID-19 Case Demographics and Disease Outcomes in Gary, Indiana," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(18), pages 1-12, September.
    3. Munazza Fatima & Kara J. O’Keefe & Wenjia Wei & Sana Arshad & Oliver Gruebner, 2021. "Geospatial Analysis of COVID-19: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-14, February.
    4. Mateo Carlos Galindo-Pérez & Manuel Suárez & Ana Rosa Rosales-Tapia & José Sifuentes-Osornio & Ofelia Angulo-Guerrero & Héctor Benítez-Pérez & Guillermo de Anda-Jauregui & Juan Luis Díaz-de-León-Santi, 2022. "Territorial Strategy of Medical Units for Addressing the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City: Analysis of Mobility, Accessibility and Marginalization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-23, January.
    5. Nushrat Nazia & Zahid Ahmad Butt & Melanie Lyn Bedard & Wang-Choi Tang & Hibah Sehar & Jane Law, 2022. "Methods Used in the Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiology: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-28, July.
    6. Abiodun O. Oluyomi & Sarah M. Gunter & Lauren M. Leining & Kristy O. Murray & Chris Amos, 2021. "COVID-19 Community Incidence and Associated Neighborhood-Level Characteristics in Houston, Texas, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.

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