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Epidemiological Investigation of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease in a Pakistani Population

Author

Listed:
  • Zarish Noreen

    (Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
    Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Jessica DeJesus

    (Departments of Oncology and of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA)

  • Attya Bhatti

    (Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Christopher A. Loffredo

    (Departments of Oncology and of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA)

  • Peter John

    (Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Jahangir S. Khan

    (Department of Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan)

  • Gail Nunlee-Bland

    (Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA)

  • Somiranjan Ghosh

    (Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
    Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA)

Abstract

The epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the possibility of it contributing to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have become important health concerns worldwide and in Pakistan, where the co-occurrence of T2DM and AD is becoming more frequent. To gain insights on this phenomenon, a cross-sectional study was initiated. We recruited and interviewed 820 research participants from four cities in Pakistan: 250 controls, 450 T2DM, 100 AD, and 20 with both diseases. Significant differences between groups were observed for age ( p < 0.0001), urban vs. rural locality ( p = 0.0472) and residing near industrial areas. The average HbA1c (%) level was 10.68 ± 2.34 in the T2DM group, and females had a lower level than males ( p = 0.003). In the AD group, significant relationships existed between education and family history. Overall, the results suggest that T2DM and AD were associated with both socio-demographic and environmental factors in Pakistani participants. Detailed molecular investigations are underway in our laboratory to decipher the differential genetic pathways of the two diseases to address their increasing prevalence in this developing nation.

Suggested Citation

  • Zarish Noreen & Jessica DeJesus & Attya Bhatti & Christopher A. Loffredo & Peter John & Jahangir S. Khan & Gail Nunlee-Bland & Somiranjan Ghosh, 2018. "Epidemiological Investigation of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease in a Pakistani Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-10, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:8:p:1582-:d:160034
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Brookmeyer, R. & Gray, S. & Kawas, C., 1998. "Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 88(9), pages 1337-1342.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zarish Noreen & Christopher A. Loffredo & Attya Bhatti & Jyothirmai J. Simhadri & Gail Nunlee-Bland & Thomas Nnanabu & Peter John & Jahangir S. Khan & Somiranjan Ghosh, 2020. "Transcriptional Profiling and Biological Pathway(s) Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Pakistani Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-20, August.

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