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Harmonized Autonomous–Human Vehicles via Simulation for Emissions Reduction in Riyadh City

Author

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  • Ali Louati

    (Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hassen Louati

    (College of Information Technology, Kingdom University, Riffa 40434, Bahrain)

  • Elham Kariri

    (Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

The integration of autonomous vehicles (AVs) into urban transportation systems has significant potential to enhance traffic efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. This study evaluates the impact of different AV penetration scenarios (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%) on traffic performance and carbon emissions along Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Road in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Using microscopic simulation (SUMO) based on real-world datasets, we assess key performance indicators such as travel time, stop frequency, speed, and CO 2 emissions. Results indicate notable improvements with increasing AV deployment, including up to 25.5% reduced travel time and 14.6% lower emissions at 50% AV penetration. Coordinated AV behavior was approximated using adjusted simulation parameters and Python-based APIs, effectively modeling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications. These findings highlight the benefits of harmonized AV–human vehicle interactions, providing a scalable and data-driven framework applicable to smart urban mobility planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Louati & Hassen Louati & Elham Kariri, 2025. "Harmonized Autonomous–Human Vehicles via Simulation for Emissions Reduction in Riyadh City," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:8:p:342-:d:1713193
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