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Quantitative Difference Between the Effective Inertia and Set Inertia Parameter of Virtual Synchronous Generators

Author

Listed:
  • Ryosuke Shikuma

    (Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1-63-6A Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan)

  • Dai Orihara

    (Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan)

  • Hiroshi Kikusato

    (Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan)

  • Akihisa Kaneko

    (Advanced Collaborative Research Organization for Smart Society (ACROSS), Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan)

  • Hisao Taoka

    (Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan)

  • Yasuhiro Hayashi

    (Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1-63-6A Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan)

Abstract

Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have been developed to mitigate the increase in the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) in power systems by replacing synchronous generators (SGs) with inverter-based resources. VSGs mimic the dynamics and control of SGs; however, the mechanical delay typical of an SG’s turbine is often excluded, limiting improvements to the VSG’s response. The fast frequency response (FFR) of VSGs can help reduce ROCOF and enhance emulated inertia. This implies that the effective inertia (EI) of VSGs can exceed the set inertia parameter, posing challenges for operators in allocating sufficient VSG capacity considering the inertia required for stable operation. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the difference between the EI of a VSG and the set inertia parameter by separating the active power output into inertia and governor responses. The quantitative analysis revealed that when the VSG provides FFR within the inertia-time domain, the EI exceeds the set inertia parameter. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the VSG set parameters and VSG capacity ratio, which is related to synchronizing power coefficients and the initial sharing ratio, for the EI were analyzed. These factors were theoretically considered, and the simulations validated their characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryosuke Shikuma & Dai Orihara & Hiroshi Kikusato & Akihisa Kaneko & Hisao Taoka & Yasuhiro Hayashi, 2025. "Quantitative Difference Between the Effective Inertia and Set Inertia Parameter of Virtual Synchronous Generators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:7:p:1683-:d:1622051
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Seunghyuk Im & Jeonghoo Park & Kyungsang Lee & Yongbeom Son & Byongjun Lee, 2024. "Estimation of Quantitative Inertia Requirement Based on Effective Inertia Using Historical Operation Data of South Korea Power System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Md Asaduzzaman Shobug & Nafis Ahmed Chowdhury & Md Alamgir Hossain & Mohammad J. Sanjari & Junwei Lu & Fuwen Yang, 2024. "Virtual Inertia Control for Power Electronics-Integrated Power Systems: Challenges and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-33, June.
    3. Ruan, Yimin & Yao, Wei & Zong, Qihang & Zhou, Hongyu & Gan, Wei & Zhang, Xinhao & Li, Shaolin & Wen, Jinyu, 2025. "Online assessment of frequency support capability of the DFIG-based wind farm using a knowledge and data-driven fusion Koopman method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    4. Erico Gurski & Roman Kuiava & Filipe Perez & Raphael A. S. Benedito & Gilney Damm, 2024. "A Novel VSG with Adaptive Virtual Inertia and Adaptive Damping Coefficient to Improve Transient Frequency Response of Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-22, September.
    5. Dai Orihara & Hiroshi Kikusato & Jun Hashimoto & Kenji Otani & Takahiro Takamatsu & Takashi Oozeki & Hisao Taoka & Takahiro Matsuura & Satoshi Miyazaki & Hiromu Hamada & Kenjiro Mori, 2021. "Contribution of Voltage Support Function to Virtual Inertia Control Performance of Inverter-Based Resource in Frequency Stability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-16, July.
    6. Zhang, Huaiyuan & Liao, Kai & Yang, Jianwei & Zheng, Shunwei & He, Zhengyou, 2024. "Frequency-constrained expansion planning for wind and photovoltaic power in wind-photovoltaic-hydro-thermal multi-power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
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