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Integration Strategies for Large-Scale Renewable Interconnections with Grid Forming and Grid Following Inverters, Capacitor Banks, and Harmonic Filters

Author

Listed:
  • Soham Ghosh

    (Electrical Engineering, Black & Veatch, Overland Park, KS 66211, USA)

  • Arpit Bohra

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

  • Sreejata Dutta

    (Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas MC, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA)

  • Saurav Verma

    (System Studies and Power Market Division, Arya Risk Management Systems, Pune 411045, India)

Abstract

The transition towards a power system characterized by a reduced presence of synchronous generators (SGs) and an increased reliance on inverter-based resources (IBRs), including wind, solar photovoltaics (PV), and battery storage, presents new operational challenges, particularly when these sources exceed 50–60% of the system’s demand. While current grid-following (GFL) IBRs, which are equipped with fast and rigid control systems, continue to dominate the inverter landscape, there has been a notable surge in research focused on grid-forming (GFM) inverters in recent years. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the practicality and control methodologies of GFM inverters relative to traditional GFL inverters from a system planning perspective. A comprehensive framework aimed at assisting system developers and consulting engineers in the grid-integration of wide-scale renewable energy sources (RESs), incorporating strategies for the deployment of inverters, capacitor banks, and harmonic filters, is proposed in this paper. The discussion includes an examination of the reactive power capabilities of the plant’s inverters and the provision of additional reactive power to ensure compliance with grid interconnection standards. Furthermore, the paper outlines a practical approach to assess the necessity for enhanced filtering measures to mitigate potential resonant conditions and achieve harmonic compliance at the installation site. The objective of this work is to offer useful guidelines and insights for the effective addition of RES into contemporary power systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Soham Ghosh & Arpit Bohra & Sreejata Dutta & Saurav Verma, 2025. "Integration Strategies for Large-Scale Renewable Interconnections with Grid Forming and Grid Following Inverters, Capacitor Banks, and Harmonic Filters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-25, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:3934-:d:1708280
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zhongkui Wang & Kevin M. Passino & Jin Wang, 2015. "Optimal Reactive Power Allocation in Large-Scale Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Springer, vol. 167(2), pages 761-779, November.
    2. Sara Anttila & Jéssica S. Döhler & Janaína G. Oliveira & Cecilia Boström, 2022. "Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-30, July.
    3. Byungju Park & Jaehyeong Lee & Hangkyu Yoo & Gilsoo Jang, 2021. "Harmonic Mitigation Using Passive Harmonic Filters: Case Study in a Steel Mill Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-16, April.
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