IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i6p1996-d767295.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Development and Experimental Implementation of Active Tilt Control System Using a Servo Motor Actuator for Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle

Author

Listed:
  • Mustafa Karamuk

    (Ford Otosan R&D Center, Istanbul 34885, Turkey)

  • Orhan Behic Alankus

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Tuzla Campus, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Turkey)

Abstract

Light electric vehicles are alternative solutions to passenger cars in terms their lower costs and space saving in city traffic. Narrow tilting vehicles (NTV), known also as three–wheeled vehicles, can be equipped with an active tilting stability controller that tilts the vehicle automatically during cornering to enable lateral stability. There are mainly direct tilt control (DTC), steering tilt control (STC), and combined DTC–STC methods described in the literature. The DTC method is typically applied up to 10 km/h vehicle speeds. Considering city traffic and frequent start–stop cycles, the DTC method needs to be improved in terms of lower actuator torque and energy consumption. DTC can be designed by using either hydraulic or servo motor actuators. In state of the art, the servo motor actuator has not been studied in detail considering its integration and application aspects. Mostly, the actuator has been considered as a black box model. Proposed control method in this study enables improvements in the direct tilt control system (DTC) in terms of reducing the actuator peak torque and enables the application of DTC at higher vehicle speeds. Regarding the modeling of the electric actuator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor and field-oriented control model are also included in the simulation model. Modelling of the electric actuator enables accurate representation of actuator dynamics. In this way, battery Ah capacity can be sized and energy consumption of the electric actuator can be calculated for a given drive cycle. To this end, objective of this study is to design a direct tilt control method including the electrical drives and motion control concepts. In this way, an application methodology of the servo motor actuator is developed and implemented on a narrow tilting three-wheeled electric vehicle. Interactions between tilt control system and the servo motor actuator system are described from practical aspects.

Suggested Citation

  • Mustafa Karamuk & Orhan Behic Alankus, 2022. "Development and Experimental Implementation of Active Tilt Control System Using a Servo Motor Actuator for Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-28, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:6:p:1996-:d:767295
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/6/1996/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/6/1996/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. R. Rajamani & J. Gohl & L. Alexander & P. Starr, 2003. "Dynamics of Narrow Tilting Vehicles," Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(2), pages 209-231, June.
    2. Antti Ritari & Jari Vepsäläinen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi & Heikki Laitinen, 2020. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    3. Jaime A. Rohten & Javier E. Muñoz & Esteban S. Pulido & José J. Silva & Felipe A. Villarroel & José R. Espinoza, 2021. "Very Low Sampling Frequency Model Predictive Control for Power Converters in the Medium and High-Power Range Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mustafa Karamuk & Orhan Behic Alankus, 2023. "Direct Tilt Controller Design with Disturbance Compensation and Implementation for a Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-28, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hensher, David A., 2021. "The case for negotiated contracts under the transition to a green bus fleet," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 255-269.
    2. Youguang Guo & Lin Liu & Xin Ba & Haiyan Lu & Gang Lei & Wenliang Yin & Jianguo Zhu, 2022. "Measurement and Modeling of Magnetic Materials under 3D Vectorial Magnetization for Electrical Machine Design and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Mustafa Karamuk & Orhan Behic Alankus, 2023. "Direct Tilt Controller Design with Disturbance Compensation and Implementation for a Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-28, July.
    4. Wei Qin & Linhong Wang & Yuhan Liu & Cheng Xu, 2021. "Energy Consumption Estimation of the Electric Bus Based on Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm and Support Vector Machine Regression," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
    5. Kwon, Kihan & Lee, Jung-Hwan & Lim, Sang-Kil, 2023. "Optimization of multi-speed transmission for electric vehicles based on electrical and mechanical efficiency analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    6. Youguang Guo & Lin Liu & Xin Ba & Haiyan Lu & Gang Lei & Pejush Sarker & Jianguo Zhu, 2022. "Characterization of Rotational Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Metal Materials for Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-18, October.
    7. Milla Vehviläinen & Pekka Rahkola & Janne Keränen & Jenni Pippuri-Mäkeläinen & Marko Paakkinen & Jukka Pellinen & Kari Tammi & Anouar Belahcen, 2022. "Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    8. Karol Bagiński & Wojciech Credo & Jakub Wierciak & Sergiusz Łuczak, 2022. "Method of Reduction in Energy Consumption by the Drive Systems of a Mobile Device with a Controlled Gear Ratio," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-20, April.
    9. Xiaoyu Li & Tengyuan Wang & Jiaxu Li & Yong Tian & Jindong Tian, 2022. "Energy Consumption Estimation for Electric Buses Based on a Physical and Data-Driven Fusion Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-17, June.
    10. Jialing Yao & Meng Wang & Zhihong Li & Yunyi Jia, 2021. "Research on Model Predictive Control for Automobile Active Tilt Based on Active Suspension," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-18, January.
    11. Zbigniew Czapla & Grzegorz Sierpiński, 2023. "Driving and Energy Profiles of Urban Bus Routes Predicted for Operation with Battery Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:6:p:1996-:d:767295. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.