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Measured and Simulated Energy Use in a Secondary School Building in Sweden—A Case Study of Validation, Airing, and Occupancy Behaviour

Author

Listed:
  • Jessika Steen Englund

    (Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden)

  • Mathias Cehlin

    (Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden)

  • Jan Akander

    (Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden)

  • Bahram Moshfegh

    (Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
    Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden)

Abstract

In this case study, the energy performance of a secondary school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, was modelled in the building energy simulation (BES) tool IDA ICE version 4.8 prior to major renovation planning. The objectives of the study were to validate the BES model during both occupied and unoccupied periods, investigate how to model airing and varying occupancy behaviour, and finally investigate energy use to identify potential energy-efficiency measures. The BES model was validated by using field measurements and evidence-based input. Thermal bridges, infiltration, mechanical ventilation, domestic hot water circulation losses, and space heating power were calculated and measured. A backcasting method was developed to model heat losses due to airing, opening windows and doors, and other occupancy behaviour through regression analysis between daily heat power and outdoor temperature. Validation results show good agreement: 3.4% discrepancy between space heating measurements and simulations during an unoccupied week. Corresponding monthly discrepancy varied between 5.5% and 10.6% during three months with occupants. Annual simulation indicates that the best potential renovation measures are changing to efficient windows, improved envelope airtightness, new controls of the HVAC system, and increased external wall thermal insulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Jessika Steen Englund & Mathias Cehlin & Jan Akander & Bahram Moshfegh, 2020. "Measured and Simulated Energy Use in a Secondary School Building in Sweden—A Case Study of Validation, Airing, and Occupancy Behaviour," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-22, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:9:p:2325-:d:355044
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Enrico Fabrizio & Valentina Monetti, 2015. "Methodologies and Advancements in the Calibration of Building Energy Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-27, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. António M. Raimundo & Nuno Baía Saraiva & Luisa Dias Pereira & Ana Cristina Rebelo, 2021. "Market-Oriented Cost-Effectiveness and Energy Analysis of Windows in Portugal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Branko Simanic & Birgitta Nordquist & Hans Bagge & Dennis Johansson, 2020. "Influence of User-Related Parameters on Calculated Energy Use in Low-Energy School Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-14, June.
    3. Jadwiga Świrska-Perkowska & Zbigniew Perkowski, 2021. "Selection of Parameters for Accumulating Layer of Solar Walls with Transparent Insulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-55, February.
    4. Valdas Paukštys & Gintaris Cinelis & Jūratė Mockienė & Mindaugas Daukšys, 2021. "Airtightness and Heat Energy Loss of Mid-Size Terraced Houses Built of Different Construction Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-23, October.
    5. Jakob Carlander & Bahram Moshfegh & Jan Akander & Fredrik Karlsson, 2020. "Effects on Energy Demand in an Office Building Considering Location, Orientation, Façade Design and Internal Heat Gains—A Parametric Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-22, November.
    6. Wei Wang & Xiaofang Shan & Syed Asad Hussain & Changshan Wang & Ying Ji, 2020. "Comparison of Multi-Control Strategies for the Control of Indoor Air Temperature and CO 2 with OpenModelica Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-20, August.
    7. Piotr Michalak, 2022. "Thermal—Airflow Coupling in Hourly Energy Simulation of a Building with Natural Stack Ventilation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-18, June.
    8. Constantinos A. Balaras, 2022. "Building Energy Audits—Diagnosis and Retrofitting towards Decarbonization and Sustainable Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-4, March.

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