Unlocking the Potential of Reclaimed Water: Analysis of the Challenges and Market Size as a Strategic Solution for Water Scarcity in Europe

The reclaimed water sector is poised for significant growth driven by urbanization, technological advancements, and increasing demand for alternative water sources, with an emphasis on improving treatment capacities and promoting water reuse for various applications. This study examines the challenges and market potential of reclaimed water as a strategic solution to address water scarcity in Europe, assessing the regulatory framework, associated risks, and reuse potential. A multi-phase analysis was conducted, including a review of the European directives, an analysis of water scarcity, an evaluation of wastewater reuse potential, identification of risks and technological challenges, and segmentation of the reclaimed water market across various European regions. Results highlight the significant underutilization of treated wastewater in Europe; only about 3% of urban wastewater is reused, equal to 1 billion m 3 /year (2.4% of effluent, <0.5% of freshwater withdrawals). Wastewater is often regarded as a pollutant rather than a resource; yet, advances in recycling and treatment technologies have increased safety and efficiency, making it a practical solution to water scarcity while strengthening climate resilience. At the strategic level, the study concludes that Europe holds strong potential for water recovery and a substantial opportunity to tackle water scarcity through innovative recovery solutions, thereby contributing to sustainability, fostering a circular economy, and promoting planetary health.