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Comprehensive Analysis of Soil Physicochemical Properties and Optimization Strategies for “ Yantai Fuji 3 ” Apple Orchards

Author

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  • Zhantian Zhang

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China
    These authors contributed equally to the work.)

  • Zhihan Zhang

    (College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China)

  • Zhaobo Fan

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China)

  • Weifeng Leng

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China)

  • Tianjing Yang

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China)

  • Jie Yao

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China
    These authors contributed equally to the work.)

  • Haining Chen

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China)

  • Baoyou Liu

    (Institute of Plant Protection and Resources Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 Gangcheng West Street, Yantai 265500, China
    College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China)

Abstract

Based on an integrated analysis, this study summarized the current status of soil quality in Yantai apple orchards, developed a multivariate regulation model for key soil physicochemical properties, and proposed optimized fertilization strategies to improve soil quality in the region. The study analyzed the physicochemical properties of the topsoil (0–30 cm) in 19 representative apple orchards across Yantai, including indicators like pH, organic matter (OM), major nutrient ions, and salinity indicators, using standardized measurements and multivariate statistical methods, including descriptive statistics analysis, frequency distribution analysis, canonical correlation analysis, stepwise regression equation analysis, and regression fit model analysis. The results demonstrated that in apple orchards across the Yantai region, reductions in pH were significantly mitigated under the combined increased OM and exchangeable calcium (Ca). Exchangeable potassium (EK) rose in response to the joint elevation of OM and available nitrogen (AN), and AN was also positively influenced by EK, while OM also exhibited a promotive effect on Olsen phosphorus (OP). Furthermore, Ca increased with higher pH. AN and EK jointly contributed to the increases in electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride ions (Cl), while elevated exchangeable sodium (Na) and soluble salts (SS) were primarily driven by EK. Accordingly, enhancing organic and calcium source fertilizers is recommended to boost OM and Ca levels, reduce acidification, and maintain EC within optimal limits. By primarily reducing potassium’s application, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus source fertilizers, the supply of macronutrients can be optimized, and the accumulation of Na, Cl, and SS can be controlled. Collectively, the combined analysis of soil quality status and the multivariate regulation model clarified the optimized fertilization strategies, thereby establishing a solid theoretical and practical foundation for recognizing the necessity of soil testing and formula fertilization, the urgency of improving soil quality, and the scientific rationale for nutrient input management in Yantai apple orchards.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhantian Zhang & Zhihan Zhang & Zhaobo Fan & Weifeng Leng & Tianjing Yang & Jie Yao & Haining Chen & Baoyou Liu, 2025. "Comprehensive Analysis of Soil Physicochemical Properties and Optimization Strategies for “ Yantai Fuji 3 ” Apple Orchards," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:14:p:1520-:d:1701460
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Piotr Mazur & Dariusz Gozdowski & Elżbieta Wójcik-Gront, 2022. "Soil Electrical Conductivity and Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices for Evaluation of Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium Content, pH, and Delineation of Within-Field Management Zones," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Takamitsu Kai & Dinesh Adhikari, 2021. "Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Apple Nutrient Content and Orchard Soil Condition," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-10, April.
    3. C. Jivan & F. Sala, 2014. "Relationship between tree nutritional status and apple quality," Horticultural Science, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 41(1), pages 1-9.
    4. Biao Ke & Qiangqiang Zhang & Georgi Georgiev, 2024. "Assessing the Efficiency and Potential of China’s Apple Exports," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2024, pages 1-15, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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