High-Vigor Maize Seeds Resist Fusarium graminearum Infection through Stronger Ca 2+ Signaling

Seeds with high vigor have strong resistance to various adverse environmental conditions. However, little is known about how seed vigor affects the resistance of seeds to biotic stress. In this study, newly harvested seeds that had high vigor and seeds with low vigor, achieved via an artificially accelerated aging treatment, were used in the germination test after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum for 24 h. The results showed that high-vigor seed-related germination and seedling growth were not significantly affected by F. graminearum infection, while those related to low-vigor seeds were significantly inhibited. Analysis of transgenic maize seeds expressing the luminescent Ca 2+ probe encoded by aequorin indicated that the concentration of free Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the embryo cells of high-vigor seeds was significantly higher than that of the low-vigor seeds. Through an experiment with Ca 2+ inhibitor treatment and exogenous Ca 2+ application, we further confirmed that Ca 2+ played an important role in seed germination and seedling growth. Interestingly, in the presence of F. graminearum , the Ca 2+ required for seed germination and seedling growth mainly came from the vacuolar calcium pool, while in the absence of F. graminearum , the required Ca 2+ mainly came from the apoplastic calcium store. This study helps understand how high-vigor seeds resist disease and provides theoretical support for the wide application of high-vigor seeds in agricultural production.