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Cyber-security in substation automation systems

Author

Listed:
  • Moreira, Naiara
  • Molina, Elías
  • Lázaro, Jesús
  • Jacob, Eduardo
  • Astarloa, Armando

Abstract

The cyber-security of several industrial plants has been compromised for last years by some worms and viruses, such as Stuxnet, which was able to take control of the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system of a nuclear plant in Iran. The research community and the international standardization committees raised their awareness about protecting information in Substation Automation Systems (SAS). IEC 61850-5 and IEC 62351-6 standards respectively describe communication models and the security mechanisms to be deployed in current substations, but they present some inconsistencies. On the one hand, this standard mandates that RSA cryptosystem must be used to provide source authenticity of GOOSE and SV messages. However, despite expensive processors with crypto accelerators were utilized, execution times would exceed the maximum transfer times stated in the standard for most time critical applications. On the other hand, the recommended synchronization solution is the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), as defined in IEEE 1588-2008, which introduced an optional security extension based on old keyed hash algorithms that has also been demonstrated to be suboptimal due to latency times and required resources. The aim of this paper is to explore current available security solutions and study their applicability to the substation environment. Furthermore, as part of the future security framework, a MACsec-based security approach that allows different communication services with diverse performance and security requirements to live together within the substation network is proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Moreira, Naiara & Molina, Elías & Lázaro, Jesús & Jacob, Eduardo & Astarloa, Armando, 2016. "Cyber-security in substation automation systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1552-1562.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:54:y:2016:i:c:p:1552-1562
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.124
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Naseri, F. & Gil, S. & Barbu, C. & Cetkin, E. & Yarimca, G. & Jensen, A.C. & Larsen, P.G. & Gomes, C., 2023. "Digital twin of electric vehicle battery systems: Comprehensive review of the use cases, requirements, and platforms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    2. Hussain, Shahbaz & Hernandez Fernandez, Javier & Al-Ali, Abdulla Khalid & Shikfa, Abdullatif, 2021. "Vulnerabilities and countermeasures in electrical substations," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
    3. Mukhopadhyay, Bineeta & Das, Debapriya, 2020. "Multi-objective dynamic and static reconfiguration with optimized allocation of PV-DG and battery energy storage system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    4. Rencelj Ling, Engla & Ekstedt, Mathias, 2023. "A threat modeling language for generating attack graphs of substation automation systems," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    5. Marzal, Silvia & Salas, Robert & González-Medina, Raúl & Garcerá, Gabriel & Figueres, Emilio, 2018. "Current challenges and future trends in the field of communication architectures for microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3610-3622.
    6. Ye Cai & Yu Chen & Yong Li & Yijia Cao & Xiangjun Zeng, 2018. "Reliability Analysis of Cyber–Physical Systems: Case of the Substation Based on the IEC 61850 Standard in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-12, September.

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