IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reensy/v260y2025ics0951832025002145.html

Double layer blockchain-assisted trusted data flow model for industrial control systems

Author

Listed:
  • Peng, Xiangzhen
  • Zheng, Chengliang
  • Wang, Yidi
  • Cui, Xiaohui
  • Shen, Zhidong

Abstract

With the development of information technology (IT), the blurred network boundary between the Operational Technology (OT) network and the IT network poses a higher risk of cyber-attacks on the flow of data in Industrial Control System (ICS). Deep isolation of ICS, enhanced data access control in ICS, and proactive defense against cyber-attacks in ICS can help achieve the secure flow of highly sensitive data in ICS. This article proposes a dual-layer blockchain-assisted data flow protection framework for ICS, driven by blockchain, and conducts simulation and analysis. Firstly, OT-blockchain and IT-blockchain were designed to redefine the network boundary of ICS. Secondly, an identity-assisted authentication mechanism based on Bloom filters and trusted databases was designed to rapidly identify dishonest nodes. Then, an ICS-RBAC zero-trust access control mechanism based on RBAC was designed to ensure the security of the OT blockchain and achieve zero-trust data exchange between the IT-blockchain and ICS physical devices. And, an active defense mechanism for ICS was designed based on the principle of the heartbeat mechanism. Finally, model analysis and simulation verification are conducted. The results indicate that this study can achieve trusted data flow in ICS and fine-grained zero-trust access control, providing security guarantees.

Suggested Citation

  • Peng, Xiangzhen & Zheng, Chengliang & Wang, Yidi & Cui, Xiaohui & Shen, Zhidong, 2025. "Double layer blockchain-assisted trusted data flow model for industrial control systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:260:y:2025:i:c:s0951832025002145
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2025.111013
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832025002145
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111013?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Wei & Wang, Ziwei & Li, Xiang, 2023. "Blockchain-based decentralized federated transfer learning methodology for collaborative machinery fault diagnosis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    2. Feng, Jian Rui & Zhao, Meng-ke & Lu, Shou-xiang, 2024. "Accident spread and risk propagation mechanism in complex industrial system network," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    3. Wang, Yang & Ye, Ting & Zio, Enrico & Wang, Tengfei & Wu, Bing, 2024. "A blockchain-based credibility evaluation scheme for navigational event dissemination in the internet of ships," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    4. Yin, Zhenqin & Zhuo, Yue & Ge, Zhiqiang, 2023. "Transfer adversarial attacks across industrial intelligent systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    5. Wang, Feng & Tian, Jin & Ling, Jiamu & Chen, Zian & Xu, Zhengguo, 2025. "A multi-stage resilience analysis framework of critical infrastructure systems based on component importance measures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    6. Xiangzhen Peng & Xin Zhang & Xiaoyi Wang & Haisheng Li & Jiping Xu & Zhiyao Zhao, 2022. "Multi-Chain Collaboration-Based Information Management and Control for the Rice Supply Chain," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-26, May.
    7. Wang, Yang & Chen, Peng & Wu, Bing & Wan, Chengpeng & Yang, Zaili, 2022. "A trustable architecture over blockchain to facilitate maritime administration for MASS systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    8. Yuan, Shuaiqi & Reniers, Genserik & Yang, Ming, 2024. "Integrated management of safety and security barriers in chemical plants to cope with emerging cyber-physical attack risks under uncertainties," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    9. Feng, Jian Rui & Zhao, Mengke & Yu, Guanghui & Zhang, Jiaqing & Lu, Shouxiang, 2023. "Dynamic risk analysis of accidents chain and system protection strategy based on complex network and node structure importance," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Peng, Xiangzhen & Zheng, Chengliang & Shi, Jianyu & Cui, Xiaohui, 2026. "A decentralized defense model for covert zero-dynamic attacks in industrial control systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 265(PA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Peng, Xiangzhen & Zheng, Chengliang & Shi, Jianyu & Cui, Xiaohui, 2026. "A decentralized defense model for covert zero-dynamic attacks in industrial control systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 265(PA).
    2. Song, Zhiting & Zhu, Jianhua & Chen, Kun, 2025. "Robustness analysis of smart manufacturing systems against resource failures: A two-layered network perspective," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    3. Han, Yuanwen & Shen, Jiang & Zhu, Xuwei & Bao, Xueying, 2025. "Two-stage propagation analysis of safety risks in complex underground engineering: An integrated modeling framework," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    4. Xu, Yuanxi & Li, Keping & Liu, Yanyan, 2025. "Quantitative analysis of risk propagation in urban rail transit: A novel ensemble learning method based on the structure of Bayesian Network," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    5. Chen, Wenqiang & Dou, Yu & Zhang, Yin & Sun, Yongai & Yang, Jing, 2026. "Risk disturbance and recovery analysis of urban water supply systems based on social network," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 265(PB).
    6. Su, Zhongji & Hua, Zexi & Tang, Yongchuan & Wang, Lei & Zhu, Qingyuan, 2025. "A method for reliability analysis of railway signal equipment at the station level based on universal generating function," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    7. Li, Jian & Yang, Zhao & He, Hongxia & Guo, Changzhen & Chen, Yubo & Zhang, Yong, 2024. "Risk causation analysis and prevention strategy of working fluid systems based on accident data and complex network theory," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    8. Lian, Zheng & Zhou, Zhi-Jie & Hu, Chang-Hua & Wang, Jie & Zhang, Chun-Chao & Zhang, Chao-Li, 2024. "A health assessment method with attribute importance modeling for complex systems using belief rule base," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    9. Mousavi, Milad & Shen, Xuesong & Zhang, Zhigang & Barati, Khalegh & Li, Binghao, 2025. "IoT-Bayes fusion: Advancing real-time environmental safety risk monitoring in underground mining and construction," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    10. Wang, Zheng & Wang, Jinjiang & Wei, Zhenqiang & Ye, Wencong & Zhang, Laibin, 2026. "Safety integrity level assessment for safety instrumented system in oil and gas station with cyber threat," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 265(PB).
    11. Li, Jing & Lu, Qing-Chang & Xu, Peng-Cheng & Liu, Liping & Wang, Shixin, 2025. "Critical station identification for cascading failure mitigation considering the Lyapunov-stability of metro stations," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    12. Yuan, Yifan & Shen, Xiaohong & Sun, Lin & Yan, Yongsheng & Wang, Haiyan, 2025. "Critical node identification of dynamic-load wireless sensor networks for cascading failure protection," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 264(PA).
    13. Fu, Xiuwen & Tian, Mengyao & Liu, Xiangwei & Wu, Shaomin & Peng, Rui, 2026. "Cascading failure resilience of dual-layer supply chain networks under enterprise competition with incomplete information," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 266(PB).
    14. Ma, Rui & Dong, Huihui & Han, Qiang & Du, Xiuli, 2025. "Resilience modeling of transportation infrastructure and network based on the semi-Markov process considering resource dependency," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    15. Fa Zhang & Yimiao Gu, 2022. "Approach to an Equivalent Freight-Based Sustainable Joint-Quotation Strategy for Shipping Blockchain Alliance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-28, August.
    16. Fu, Wei & Xie, Haipeng & Xin, Yu, 2026. "Quantum-accelerated post-event restoration through quantum surrogate absolute-value Lagrangian relaxation," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 266(PA).
    17. Zhu, Haoran & Zhu, Yihang & Chen, Tao & Dai, Jiakun & Huang, Lida & Su, Guofeng, 2025. "A probabilistic graphical approach for rapid state assessment of urban infrastructure systems under disasters," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 264(PA).
    18. Deng, Ye & Wang, Zhigang & Xiao, Yu & Shen, Xiaoda & Kurths, Jürgen & Wu, Jun, 2025. "Spatial network disintegration based on spatial coverage," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    19. Liu, Jintao & Chen, Keyi & Duan, Huayu & Li, Chenling, 2024. "A knowledge graph-based hazard prediction approach for preventing railway operational accidents," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    20. Chang Su & Jiayi Ma & Caiping Wang & Jun Deng & Weile Chen, 2025. "Flood-induced coal mine disaster chain evolution and risk analysis," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 121(18), pages 21031-21058, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:260:y:2025:i:c:s0951832025002145. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/reliability-engineering-and-system-safety .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.