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Sharing the unearned increment: Divergent Outcomes in Toronto and São Paulo

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  • Friendly, Abigail

Abstract

Land value capture (LVC) refers to the public sector’s recovery of part or all of the land value increments (‘unearned’ income) generated by actions other than the landowner’s direct investment, including public investments in infrastructure or administrative changes in land use norms and regulations. LVC is increasingly used around the world as a tool to raise funds for urban development. This paper analyzes two LVC tools, one used in Toronto and the other in São Paulo, to show how different approaches produce divergent outcomes in practice. Expert interviews and an analysis of secondary quantitative data show that São Paulo’s formula-led approach is bureaucratized, compared with Toronto’s politicized process and that benefits from Toronto’s Section 37 are primarily located in the central wealthier neighbourhoods, while in São Paulo benefits are more dispersed. The comparison between the two cases highlights different approaches that reflect divergent values, rationales, socio-economic realities and political cultures which ultimately produce varied outcomes. The contrasting tools’ distributional and equity outcomes in Toronto and São Paulo raise questions about how cities can best share the benefits of urbanization to ensure equity and justice for all city residents.

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  • Friendly, Abigail, 2020. "Sharing the unearned increment: Divergent Outcomes in Toronto and São Paulo," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:91:y:2020:i:c:s0264837718318921
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104270
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jennifer Robinson, 2011. "Cities in a World of Cities: The Comparative Gesture," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 1-23, January.
    2. Abigail Friendly, 2013. "The right to the city: theory and practice in Brazil," Planning Theory & Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 158-179, June.
    3. Callum Ward & Manuel B Aalbers, 2016. "Virtual special issue editorial essay: ‘The shitty rent business’: What’s the point of land rent theory?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(9), pages 1760-1783, July.
    4. Aaron A. Moore, 2013. "Trading Density for Benefits: Toronto and Vancouver Compared," IMFG Papers 13, University of Toronto, Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance.
    5. Klink, Jeroen & Stroher, Laisa Eleonora Maróstica, 2017. "The making of urban financialization? An exploration of brazilian urban partnership operations with building certificates," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 519-528.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lawrence W. C. Lai & Stephen N. G. Davies & Lennon H. T. Choy & K. W. Chau, 2022. "Land Planning, Property Rights and Management of Built Heritage: Some Hong Kong Observations of Colonial Military Buildings," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-20, September.
    2. Abigail Friendly & Ana Paula Pimentel Walker, 2022. "Legacy participation and the buried history of racialised spaces: Hypermodern revitalisation in Rio de Janeiro’s port area," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 59(6), pages 1167-1184, May.

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