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Economic and financial development as determinants of crypto adoption

Author

Listed:
  • Magazzino, Cosimo
  • Gattone, Tulia
  • Horky, Florian

Abstract

This research investigates the macroeconomic determinants of crypto adoption, illuminating the potentials of cryptocurrencies to accelerate financial inclusion. By exploiting an extensive dataset from 165 countries between 2019 and 2021, this study employs various econometric methodologies, including Panel Feasible Generalized Least Squares (PFGLS), Robust Least Squares (RLS), and Quantile Regressions (QR). These classic econometric techniques are complemented by several machine learning techniques such as Bagging, Boosting, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regressions, as well as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Naïve Bayes (NB) classification algorithms. The results show an interesting trend: cryptocurrency adoption is more prevalent in countries with robust financial markets and higher education levels. This suggests that crypto adoption is primarily a byproduct of sophisticated financial environments and an educated population, rather than a direct facilitator of financial inclusion.

Suggested Citation

  • Magazzino, Cosimo & Gattone, Tulia & Horky, Florian, 2025. "Economic and financial development as determinants of crypto adoption," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finana:v:103:y:2025:i:c:s1057521925003047
    DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104217
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cryptocurrency adoption; Financial inclusion; Economic development; Panel data; Machine learning;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • C45 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - Neural Networks and Related Topics
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development

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