From coal to clean energy: Economic and environmental determinants of household energy transition in Poland

Energy transition emerges as a central theme in striving for sustainable development. International initiatives are launched, with countries pledging to meet specific transformation objectives. As an EU member, Poland has committed to several initiatives, including the “Fit for 55” package, yet faces inefficiency in its energy transition efforts. Recognizing the diverse social priorities, justice considerations, and cultural influences is essential for designing effective and equitable energy transition strategies that benefit both society and the environment. This article aims to identify the factors of energy transition in Polish households, with particular emphasis on economic and environmental determinants, and to compare their impact on consumer green decisions. This was achieved based on the results of a survey conducted in December 2023 using the CAWI technique on a sample of 1642 Poles, quota-sampled, to reflect the socio-demographic characteristics of the Polish population. The findings reveal that Poles prioritize economic factors, notably initial investment and operating costs, over environmental considerations when selecting an energy source in their households. Additionally, the overwhelming majority who have embarked on an energy transition did not do so driven solely by environmental motives. Possessing pro-environmental attitudes and knowledge increases the inclination to choose renewable energy sources (RES). Individuals who have undergone the transition are characterized by a higher average level of satisfaction with their energy source. The main source of inefficiency in Poland's energy transition process does not lie in a lack of environmental concern among the population but in unmet economic expectations. This issue arises from the ineffective allocation and use of financial support for the transition, coupled with the fact that individuals using RES do not experience lower bills in comparison to those who do not use RES.