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Contract Evolution And Institutional Innovation: Marketing Pacific-Grown Apples From 1890 To 1930

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  • Dimitri, Carolyn

Abstract

Between 1890 and 1930, the development of refrigerated rail transportation enabled a national U.S. apple industry to emerge. Apples were shipped over long distances, and sold in the terminal market on consignment or FOB, or in the auction market. There were frequent disputes over quality, caused by the long distances between buyers and sellers, the natural decline in apple quality over time, and because farmer and railroad moral hazard could accelerate quality deterioration. By 1930, apple transactions relied on government quality standards and inspection services. Evidence suggests that these institutions emerged in response to contract-enforcement and quality problems.

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  • Dimitri, Carolyn, 2002. "Contract Evolution And Institutional Innovation: Marketing Pacific-Grown Apples From 1890 To 1930," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 62(1), pages 189-212, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jechis:v:62:y:2002:i:01:p:189-212_04
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    Cited by:

    1. Hameeda A. AlMalki & Christopher M. Durugbo, 2023. "Systematic review of institutional innovation literature: towards a multi-level management model," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(2), pages 731-785, June.
    2. Dimitri, Carolyn & Oberholtzer, Lydia & Wittenberger, Michelle, 2010. "The Role of Contracts in the Organic Supply Chain: 2004 and 2007," Economic Information Bulletin 102762, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    3. MacDonald, James M. & Korb, Penelope J., 2011. "Agricultural Contracting Update: Contracts in 2008," Economic Information Bulletin 101279, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    4. Dimitri, Carolyn & Lichtenberg, Erik, 2002. "Quality Inspection, Adverse Selection And Trade In Perishable Commodities," Working Papers 28579, University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.

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