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Desigualdades del ingreso en Colombia: ¿cuáles son sus determinantes y cómo se han afectado por la pandemia del Covid-19?

Author

Listed:
  • Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte
  • Jaime Bonet-Morón
  • Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía
  • Andrea Otero-Cortés
  • Gerson Javier Pérez-Valbuena
  • Christian Posso
  • Diana Ricciulli-Marín

Abstract

Con el objetivo de avanzar en el diseno y formulación de políticas públicas que reducir la desigualdad de ingresos en Colombia, este documento estudia los determinantes de los cambios en la desigualdad de ingresos laborales y no laborales desde una perspectiva microeconómica. El estudio se lleva acabo para el total nacional y las veintitrés principales ciudades y sus áreas metropolitanas. Además, teniendo en cuenta que la coyuntura del COVID-19 ha dejado consecuencias inesperadas en la economía, el documento incluye un análisis sobre los cambios en la distribución del ingreso en 2020. Específicamente, se realizan simulaciones que incorporan choques a variables agregadas del mercado laboral por ciudades, permitiendo entender los canales a través de los cuales la crisis del COVID-19 ha afectado la distribución de ingresos. Se emplea una metodología de micro-descomposición siguiendo a Bourguignon y Ferreira (2005), haciendo comparaciones de cambios en la distribución del ingreso a través del tiempo. Los resultados muestran que, en las reducciones de la desigualdad, los componentes laborales desempenan un papel fundamental. Esa reducción se debe en gran medida a cambios en los retornos a la educación y en el capital humano acumulado. En el componente del ingreso no laboral hay una participación importante de las transferencias y los arriendos, que en la mayoría de los casos actúan como elementos igualadores. Finalmente, con respecto a la coyuntura de la pandemia del COVID-19, se encuentra un importante retroceso en las desigualdades que está explicado principalmente por el deterioro de variables del mercado laboral. **** ABSTRACT: This document studies the determinants of changes in labor and non-labor income inequality from a microeconomic perspective to help in the design and formulation of public policies that improve the situation of income inequalities in Colombia. The study is carried out for the national total and the twenty-three major cities and their metropolitan areas. In addition, considering that the COVID-19 pandemic has left unexpected consequences on the economy, the document includes an analysis of the changes in the distribution of income in 2020. In particular, we incorporate shocks to aggregate variables of the labor market, at the level of cities, allowing to understand the channels through which the COVID-19 crisis has affected the income distribution. We used a micro-decomposition methodology following Bourguignon and Ferreira (2005) that allows us to make comparisons of changes in income distribution over time. The results show that, in terms of reductions in inequality, the labor components play a significant role. This reduction is largely due to changes in returns to education and in the stock of human capital. In the non-labor income component, there is an important participation of transfers and leases, which in most cases act as equalizing elements. Finally, with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a significant setback in inequalities that is mainly explained by the deterioration of labor market variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte & Jaime Bonet-Morón & Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía & Andrea Otero-Cortés & Gerson Javier Pérez-Valbuena & Christian Posso & Diana Ricciulli-Marín, 2021. "Desigualdades del ingreso en Colombia: ¿cuáles son sus determinantes y cómo se han afectado por la pandemia del Covid-19?," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, issue 101, pages 1-53, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:col:000107:019918
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Inequality; Nonlabor income; Labor income; Returns to education; Transfers; Microdecomposition; Covid19; desigualdad; Ingresos laborales; Ingresos no laborales; Retornos a la educación; Transferencias; Microdescomposición; Covid19;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C15 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
    • C25 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • P25 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist and Transition Economies - - - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
    • R20 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - General

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