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On The ‘Kaldorian’ Saving Function

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  • PETER SKOTT*

Abstract

SUMMARY This paper examines KALDOR'S theoretical justification for his saving function and relates KALDOR'S hypothesis to neoclassical theory. KALDOR'S reasoning is most fully developed in the famous ‘Neo‐PASINETTI Theorem’. The Neo‐PASINETTI model adopts very stringent assumptions but these assumptions can be relaxed leaving the basic Kaldorian saving hypothesis intact: In a corporate economy where households and firms are independent decision makers and where the wealth of households takes the form of ownership rights in firms and other financial assets, the share of saving in output will depend on the share of retained profits in output. BLISS has criticized KALDOR'S saving hypothesis from a ncoclassical/Walrasian perspective. According to Buss the retention of profits by firms will ‐ at least in the long run ‐ be fully offset by reduced household saving out of distributed incomes. As a statement about equilibrium configurations in a Walrasian intertemporal model this is correct. It is not however a criticism of KALDOR'S saving hypothesis; if anything it is a criticism of KALDOR'S investment theory. The real issue separating BLISS (Walrasian theory) from KALDOR (Keynesian theory) concerns the determinants of company behaviour ‐ in a Walrasian world firms possess perfect knowledge and maximise present values whereas Kaldorian firms operate under uncertainty in imperfect markets. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Artikel untersucht KALDORS theoretische Rechtfertigung seiner Theorie des Sparens und verbindet seine Hypothesen mit der neoklassischen Theorie. Am weitesten ist KALDORS Beweisfuhrung in seinem beruhmten “Neo‐PASINETTI Theorem” entwickelt. Das NCO‐PASINETTI Modell macht sich sehr stringente Voraussetzungen zu eigen, die aber gelockert werden können und dabei KALDORS grundsätzliche Hypothese des Sparens intakt lassen: In einer von grossen Kapital‐gesellschaften geprägten Wirtschaft (“corporate economy”), in der Haushaltc und Betriebe unabhängig voneinander Entscheidungen treffen, und in der das Vermögen der Haushalte die Form von Eigentumsrechten an Betrieben und sonstigen Finanzguthaben annimmt, wird der Anteil der Ersparnisse vom Ertrag abhängig sein vom Anteil der einbehaltenen Gewinne aus dem Ertrag. BLISS hat KALDORS Hypothese des Sparens von einer neoklassisch‐WALRAs'schen Per‐spektive aus kritisiert. Nach BLISS wird die Einbehaltung des Profits durch die Betriebe ‐ wenigstens auf lange Sicht ‐ voll durch die reduzierten Haushaltsersparnisse aus dem verteilten Einkommen ausgeglichen. Als Feststellung fiber Gleichgewichts‐Konfigurationen in einem WALRAS'schen intertemporalen Modell ist dies korrekt. Dennoch ist dies keine Kritik an KALDORS Theorie des Sparens; wenn überhaupt, so ist es eine Kritik an KALDORS Theorie der Investition. Die wirkliche Frage, die BLISS (WALRAs'sche Theorie) von KALDOR (Keynes'sche Theorie) trennt, betrifft die Determinanten des Firmenverhaltens ‐ in einer WALRAS'schen Welt besitzen die Betriebe vollkommenes Wissen und maximieren gegenwärtige Werte, wohingegen die Betriebe bei KALDOR unter Unsicherheit in unvollkommenen Markten operieren. RÉSUMÉ Cet essai examine la justification théorique de KALDOR en vue de sa fonction d’ epargne et associe l'hypothese Kaldorienne a la theorie neoclassique. Le rai‐sonnement de KALDOR est plus amplement développé dans le fameux “Théorème Néo‐PASINETTI”. Le modèle NéO‐PASINETTIétablit des suppositions très restreintes mais ces suppositions peuvent ětre généralisées tout en laissant l’‘hypothese Kaldorienne de la fonction d'epargne intacte: Dans une économie de sociétes (corporate economy?) où les individus et les compagnies font des décisions de manière indépendante et où les richesses individuelles sont sous forme de droits de propriété et autres valeurs financeères, la part d'épargne sur les revenus dépendra de la part des profits sur les revenus. BLISS a critiqueé l'hypothese d'épargne de KALDOR dans une perspective néoclassique/Walrasienne. Selon BLISS la retention des profits d’ une firme sera ‐ du moins à long terme ‐ pleinement compensée par la diminution de l’épargne sur les revenus distribués des individus. En tant qu'exposé des configurations de l’équilibre dans un modèle Walrasien intertemporal ceci est correct. Néanmoins ce n'est pas une critique de la théorie Kaldorienne de l'épargne; c'est, tout au plus, une critique de la théorie Kaldorienne des investissements. Le vrai problème que sépare BLISS (theorie Walrasienne) et KALDOR (théorie Keynesienne) réside dans les causes déterminantes du comportement des compagnies: dans un monde Walrasien les firmes ont une connaissance parfaite et maximisent les valeurs présentées alors que dans un monde Kaldorien les firmes agissent dans l’ incertitude et dans des marchés imparfaits.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Skott*, 1981. "On The ‘Kaldorian’ Saving Function," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(4), pages 563-581, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:34:y:1981:i:4:p:563-581
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1981.tb01206.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Soon Ryoo, 2016. "Inequality of Income and Wealth in the Long Run: A Kaldorian Perspective," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 67(2), pages 429-457, May.
    2. Peter Skott & Soon Ryoo, 2008. "Macroeconomic implications of financialisation," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 32(6), pages 827-862, November.
    3. Soon Ryoo, 2018. "Top income shares and aggregate wealth-income ratio in a two-class corporate economy [Growth and distribution in heterodox models with managers and financiers]," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 42(3), pages 699-728.
    4. Soon Ryoo, 2016. "Household debt and housing bubbles: a Minskian approach to boom-bust cycles," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 26(5), pages 971-1006, December.
    5. Marc Lavoie & Wynne Godley, 2000. "Kaleckian Models of Growth in a Stock-Flow Monetary Framework: A Neo-Kaldorian Model," Macroeconomics 0004049, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Nakatani, Takeshi & Skott, Peter, 2007. "Japanese growth and stagnation: A Keynesian perspective," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 306-332, September.
    7. Ryoo, Soon, 2010. "Long waves and short cycles in a model of endogenous financial fragility," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 74(3), pages 163-186, June.
    8. Peter Skott, 2018. "Challenges for post-Keynesian macroeconomics," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2018-03, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
    9. Soon Ryoo & Peter Skott, 2017. "Fiscal and Monetary Policy Rules in an Unstable Economy," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 68(3), pages 500-548, July.
    10. Soon Ryoo & Peter Skott, 2008. "Financialization in Kaleckian Economies with and without Labor Constraints," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, vol. 5(2), pages 357-386.
    11. Peter Skott & Martin Rapetti & Arslan Razmi, 2012. "Real exchange rates and the long-run effects of aggregate demand in economies with underemployment," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2012-06, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
    12. Peter Skott, 2013. "Increasing Inequality and Financial Instability," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 45(4), pages 478-488, December.
    13. Peter Skott, 2011. "Heterodox macro after the crisis," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2011-23, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
    14. Rosser, J. Barkley & Rosser, Marina V., 2023. "The Bielefeld School of economics, Post Keynesian economics, and dynamic complexity," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 454-465.
    15. Man-Seop Park, 2004. "Credit money and Kaldor's 'institutional' theory of income distribution," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 79-99.

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