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Private or public: debating the meaning of tenure legalization

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  • Ann Varley

Abstract

Hernando de Soto’s book The mystery of capital has renewed debate about illegality in low–income housing in Latin America, Asia and Africa. De Soto and others argue that property titles provide the poor with collateral for loans to improve their housing or set up a business. Critics argue that incorporation into the formal market will displace the original inhabitants. In this article I analyse these debates about legalization as expressions of the dualisms that have shaped western thought. The relation between legal and illegal can be understood as a variant of the public/private dichotomy. Challenging the opposition of legal to illegal, I argue that the difference between them is not as great as the proponents of legalization assume. This questions the efficacy of legalization as an engine of change. In Mexico, the beneficiaries of legalization have little interest in formal credit, preferring loans from friends or relatives, and legalization does not lead to displacement. The failure of theories about legalization to predict the outcome is a product of their reliance on dualistic thinking and of the exclusion of the private from their accounts of the process. Le livre d’Hernando de Soto, The mystery of capital, a relancé le débat sur l’illégalité de l’habitat à faible revenu en Amérique latine, Asie et Afrique. Selon de Soto et d’autres, les titres de propriété procurent aux pauvres une garantie pour emprunter afin d’améliorer leur logement ou de créer une entreprise. Les opposants affirment qu’une intégration au marché officiel déplacerait les habitants d’origine. L’article analyse ces débats sur la légalisation en tant qu’expressions des dualismes qui ont façonné la pensée occidentale. On peut appréhender la relation entre le légal et l’illégal comme une variante de la dichotomie public–privé. En contestant l’opposition légal–illégal, on peut affirmer que la différence n’est pas aussi importante que le supposent les partisans de la légalisation, ce qui remet en cause l’efficacité de celle–ci en tant que moteur de changement. Au Mexique, les bénéficiaires de la légalisation s’intéressent peu au crédit officiel, préférant les prêts entre amis ou parents, et cette légalisation ne provoque pas de déplacement. Les théories sur la légalisation ont échoué dans leur prédiction des résultats, car elles s’appuient sur une réflexion dualiste et excluent le privé de leur évaluation du processus.

Suggested Citation

  • Ann Varley, 2002. "Private or public: debating the meaning of tenure legalization," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(3), pages 449-461, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:26:y:2002:i:3:p:449-461
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00392
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    Cited by:

    1. Ramin Keivani & Michael Mattingly & Hamid Majedi, 2008. "Public Management of Urban Land, Enabling Markets and Low-income Housing Provision: The Overlooked Experience of Iran," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 45(9), pages 1825-1853, August.
    2. Víctor Jiménez Barrado, 2020. "Evolution and Management of Illegal Settlements in Mid-Sized Towns. The Case of Sierra de Santa Bárbara (Plasencia, Spain)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Mona Fawaz, 2017. "Exceptions and the actually existing practice of planning: Beirut (Lebanon) as case study," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 54(8), pages 1938-1955, June.
    4. Monika Streule & Ozan Karaman & Lindsay Sawyer & Christian Schmid, 2020. "Popular Urbanization: Conceptualizing Urbanization Processes Beyond Informality," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(4), pages 652-672, July.
    5. Jean‐Louis Van Gelder, 2009. "Legal Tenure Security, Perceived Tenure Security and Housing Improvement in Buenos Aires: An Attempt towards Integration," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1), pages 126-146, March.
    6. Varley, Ann, 2007. "Gender and Property Formalization: Conventional and Alternative Approaches," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 1739-1753, October.
    7. Flower, Benjamin C.R. & Ganepola, Piyal & Popuri, Srinivasa & Turkstra, Jan, 2023. "Securing tenure for conflict-affected populations: A case study of land titling and fit-for-purpose land administration in post-conflict Sri Lanka," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    8. Flower, Benjamin C.R., 2018. "Does informal tenure result in land inequality? A critique of tenure formalisation reforms in Cambodia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 240-248.
    9. Manya M. Mooya & Chris E. Cloete, 2007. "Informal Urban Property Markets and Poverty Alleviation: A Conceptual Framework," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 44(1), pages 147-165, January.
    10. Liette Gilbert & Feike De Jong, 2015. "Entanglements of Periphery and Informality in Mexico City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(3), pages 518-532, May.
    11. Janice E. Perlman, 2006. "The Metamorphosis of Marginality: Four Generations in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 606(1), pages 154-177, July.
    12. Clara Irazábal, 2009. "One Size Does Not Fit All: Land Markets and Property Rights for the Construction of the Just City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 558-563, June.
    13. Paavo Monkkonen & Lucas Ronconi, 2013. "Land Use Regulations, Compliance and Land Markets in Argentina," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(10), pages 1951-1969, August.
    14. Bhuvaneswari Raman, 2015. "The Politics of Property in Land," Journal of South Asian Development, , vol. 10(3), pages 369-395, December.
    15. Ann Varley & Clara Salazar, 2021. "THE IMPACT OF MEXICO’S LAND REFORM ON PERIURBAN HOUSING PRODUCTION: Neoliberal or Neocorporatist?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(6), pages 964-984, November.
    16. Mengzhu Zhang & Shenjing He, 2020. "Informal Property Rights as Relational and Functional: Unravelling the Relational Contract in China's Informal Housing Market," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(6), pages 967-988, November.
    17. Fulong Wu & Fangzhu Zhang & Chris Webster, 2013. "Informality and the Development and Demolition of Urban Villages in the Chinese Peri-urban Area," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(10), pages 1919-1934, August.
    18. Charlotte Lemanski, 2011. "Moving up the Ladder or Stuck on the Bottom Rung? Homeownership as a Solution to Poverty in Urban South Africa," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 57-77, January.
    19. Peter M. Ward & Flavio de Souza & Cecilia Giusti, 2004. "'Colonia' Land and Housing Market Performance and the Impact of Lot Title Regularisation in Texas," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 41(13), pages 2621-2646, December.
    20. Usmaan Farooqui, 2020. "Politics of neutrality: Urban knowledge practices and everyday formalisation in Karachi’s waterscape," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 57(12), pages 2423-2439, September.
    21. He, Shenjing & Wang, Dong & Webster, Chris & Chau, Kwong Wing, 2019. "Property rights with price tags? Pricing uncertainties in the production, transaction and consumption of China’s small property right housing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 424-433.
    22. Jill Wigle, 2010. "Social Relations, Property and ‘Peripheral’ Informal Settlement: The Case of Ampliación San Marcos, Mexico City," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(2), pages 411-436, February.
    23. Benjamin Cyrus Roger Flower, 2019. "Legal geographies of neoliberalism: Market-oriented tenure reforms and the construction of an ‘informal’ urban class in post-socialist Phnom Penh," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(12), pages 2408-2425, September.
    24. Mona Fawaz, 2008. "An Unusual Clique of City‐Makers: Social Networks in the Production of a Neighborhood in Beirut (1950–75)," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(3), pages 565-585, September.

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