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Social Control, Urban Planning and Ethno‐class Relations: Mizrahi Jews in Israel's ‘Development Towns’

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  • Oren Yiftachel

Abstract

Urban planning is usually portrayed as a benign and progressive societal force. This interpretation is critically examined through an evaluation of Israel's development town project. According to the ‘best’ planning concepts available during the 1950s, Israel built 28 new towns, mainly on the country's peripheral ‘frontiers’. New immigrants, chiefly low‐income Mizrahi Jews, were housed in the towns, which provided a cornerstone of Israel's national project of ‘Judaising’ the country. The evidence shows that the planning of the towns has had many regressive consequences: it reinforced and reproduced patterns of deprivation and inequality through the creation of segregated and low‐status Mizrahi ethnic spaces. In the longer term, this spawned continuing grievances and protest, fluctuating political orientation and the emergence of a low‐status Mizrahi ethno‐class. The case in hand casts doubt over the notion of planning solely as a progressive force, and highlights its potential to act as an instrument of control and domination in the hands of societal elites. In Israel, promotion of the ‘national imperative’ of settling the frontiers, the advent of ‘modern urban planning’, and later ‘corrective’ policies to close the centre‐periphery gap, all worked to obscure the regressive stratifying processes caused by the development town project. La planification urbaine est généralement vue comme une force sociale bégnine et progressive. Cette interprétation est examinée de facon critique avec une évaluation du projet de développement de la ville en Israël. Suivant les ‘meilleurs’ concepts de planification des années cinquante, Israël a construit 28 villes nouvelles, principalement sur les ‘frontières’ périphériques du pays. Les nouveaux immigrants, avant tout des juifs Mizrahi qui avaient des revenus bas, furent logés dans les villes, qui étaient au centre du projet national israélien de rendre le pays plus judaïque. L'évidence montre que la planification des villes a eu de nombreuses conséquences régressives: elle a renforcé et reproduit les modèles de privation et d'inégalité par la création d'espaces ethniques Mizrahi de bas standing et isolés. À long terme, cela a donné lieu à des protestations et des doléances continuelles, à une orientation politique changeante et à la naissance d'une ethno‐classe Mizrahi de statut peu élevé. Ce cas d'étude met en doute le fait que la notion de planification soit uniquement une force progressive, et illumine le fait qu'elle peut servir d'instrument de contröle et de domination pour les élites sociales. En Israël, la promotion de ‘l'impératif national’ de stabilisation des frontières, l'arrivée de la ‘planification moderne urbaine’ et la récente politique ‘corrective’ pour réduire la distance entre le centre et la périphérie, ont toutes contribuéà obscurcir les processus régressifs de stratification dus au projet de développement des villes.

Suggested Citation

  • Oren Yiftachel, 2000. "Social Control, Urban Planning and Ethno‐class Relations: Mizrahi Jews in Israel's ‘Development Towns’," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(2), pages 418-438, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:24:y:2000:i:2:p:418-438
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00255
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    Cited by:

    1. Alexander Koensler, 2016. "Acts of Solidarity: Crossing and Reiterating Israeli–Palestinian Frontiers," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 340-356, March.
    2. Leck, Eran & Bekhor, Shlomo & Gat, Daniel, 2008. "Equity Impacts of Transportation Improvements On Core and Peripheral Cities," The Journal of Transport and Land Use, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, vol. 1(2), pages 153-182.
    3. Jessica S Pineda-Zumaran, 2018. "Exploring practitioners’ perception of ethical issues in planning: The Peruvian case," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 36(6), pages 1109-1132, September.
    4. Petra Nahmias & Guy Stecklov, 2007. "The dynamics of fertility amongst Palestinians in Israel from 1980 to 2000," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 23(1), pages 71-99, March.
    5. Erez Tzfadia, 2005. "Academic Discourse on Making New Towns in Israel: Three Approaches in Social Science," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 23(4), pages 475-491, August.

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