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From Cardinal to Ordinal Utility Theory

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  • Sandra J. Peart
  • David M. Levy

Abstract

. This paper examines the transition from cardinal to ordinal utility. We begin with the egalitarian utilitarianism of J. S. Mill and Herbert Spencer, in which everyone was supposed to count as one. That is their phrase to explain how the happiness of existing people was to be maximized. We compare Spencer's goal with Darwin's goal of the “general good,” in which the number of perfect people was to be maximized. Spencer's goal was egalitarian, while Darwin's entailed biological perfection or hierarchy. We consider Edgeworth's hedonic calculus, in which the notion of hierarchy enters economics. For Edgeworth, agents have differential capacities for happiness. Throughout, we consider normative aspects of Darwin's work, in particular Darwin's challenge to the early utilitarianism of Mill and Spencer. We suggest that the Paretian principle returns utilitarianism to its egalitarian roots.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandra J. Peart & David M. Levy, 2005. "From Cardinal to Ordinal Utility Theory," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 64(3), pages 851-879, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ajecsc:v:64:y:2005:i:3:p:851-879
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2005.00394.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Tomoyuki Uemiya, 2008. "F.Y. Edgeworth’s Mathematical Psychics and his Utilitarianism: The Derivation from the ‘Sidgwick-Barratt Controversy’," Discussion Paper Series 37, School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University, revised Mar 2008.
    2. Mark M. Smith, 2005. "Finding Deficiency," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 64(3), pages 887-900, July.

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