Emerging Threats of Begomoviruses to Cultivating Vegetables, Fruits, and Medicinal Plants and Their Management Strategies in Oman

Begomoviruses, a group of plant-infecting viruses transmitted by whiteflies, have emerged as a significant threat to agricultural productivity in Oman. This comprehensive review examines the escalating challenges posed by begomoviruses to the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants in the Omani agroecosystem, while also scrutinizing the various management strategies employed to mitigate their detrimental effects. The review begins by elucidating the molecular and ecological aspects of begomoviruses, providing an in-depth understanding of their diversity, evolution, and host interactions. A critical analysis of the impact of begomovirus infections on key crops in Oman follows, exploring the nuances of symptomatology, yield reduction, and economic consequences. Emphasis is placed on the unique agroclimatic conditions in Oman that contribute to the increased vulnerability of crops to begomovirus outbreaks. Subsequently, the review synthesizes the existing knowledge of management strategies, encompassing both traditional and cutting-edge approaches. The efficacy of breeding for resistance, cultural practices, biological control, and emerging biotechnological interventions is evaluated in the context of Omani agriculture. Special attention is given to the socio-economic implications of begomovirus-related crop losses, highlighting the need for integrated and sustainable management practices to safeguard food security and farmer livelihoods. By synthesizing the latest research findings and identifying knowledge gaps, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners involved in agricultural development in Oman. It sets the stage for future research directions and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing the emerging threats of begomoviruses to the diverse and vital crops cultivated in the Sultanate.