Systematic Literature Review: Digital Competency Framework for Upper Secondary Students in Malaysia

The transition from conventional to technology-driven education necessitates that students acquire essential digital competencies to navigate the complexities of globalization. This study aims to identify the key digital competencies aligned with the Fourth Industrial Revolution through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of research published between 2000 and 2022. Utilizing the PICOC framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Context), this study systematically evaluates digital competency models for upper secondary students. A qualitative analysis of 14 selected studies reveals both convergences and divergences across the identified models. The findings indicate that digital competencies for upper secondary students encompass seven key domains: digital technology competence, problem-solving competence, interpersonal competence, information and data literacy, digital content creation, digital security, and digital citizenship. Drawing on these insights, this study formulates the Digital Competency Framework for Upper Secondary Students in Malaysia, which provides a structured approach to enhancing students’ digital literacy and preparedness for a technology-driven society. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on digital competency in education by offering empirical insights that inform educational policies and instructional strategies. The proposed framework serves as a reference for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to equip students with the necessary skills to thrive in an increasingly digitalized and globalized landscape.