The Role of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors in Achieving Sustainable Development: Evidence from G20 Nations

Sustainable development has become a vital issue on the global agenda, given the environmental, economic, and social difficulties affecting nations worldwide. G20 member countries, as major drivers of the global economy, bear significant responsibility for achieving sustainable development. This study examines the impacts of poverty rates, gender equality, renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and government expenditure on health and education, and their contributions to sustainable development in G20 nations. Applying a quantitative method, this research utilises secondary data from the annual reports of G20 countries, spanning the period 2000–2024. The analysis used panel data regression techniques. The findings reveal that all independent variables significantly affect sustainable development. Poverty rates and carbon emissions exhibit adverse effects, while gender equality, renewable energy consumption, and government expenditure on health and education demonstrate positive effects. These outcomes highlight the importance of integrated policies in reducing poverty and carbon emissions, while strengthening the health, education, and renewable energy sectors to support sustainable development. This study contributes to evidence-based policymaking and provides crucial insights for decision-makers in formulating more impactful and inclusive development strategies.