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Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Author

Listed:
  • Hoxie, N.J.
  • Davis, J.P.
  • Vergeront, J.M.
  • Nashold, R.D.
  • Blair, K.A.

Abstract

Objectives. This study estimated the magnitude of cryptosporidiosis- associated mortality in the Milwaukee vicinity for 2 years following a massive waterborne outbreak. Methods. Death certificates were reviewed. Results. During approximately 2 years before the outbreak, cryptosporidiosis was listed as an underlying or contributing cause of death on the death certificates of four Milwaukee-vicinity residents. In the approximately 2 years after the outbreak, this number was 54, of whom 85% had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) listed as the underlying cause of death. In the first 6 months after the outbreak, the number of death certificates indicating AIDS, but not cryptosporidiosis, as a cause of death was 19 (95% confidence interval = 12.26) higher than preoutbreak trends would have predicted. Conclusions. Waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidium infection can result in significant mortality, particularly among immunocompromised populations. Any discussion of policies to ensure safe drinking water must consider the potential fatal consequences of waterborne cryptosporidiosis among immunocompromised populations.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoxie, N.J. & Davis, J.P. & Vergeront, J.M. & Nashold, R.D. & Blair, K.A., 1997. "Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(12), pages 2032-2035.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1997:87:12:2032-2035_5
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    Cited by:

    1. Steve E. Hrudey, 2011. "Safe Drinking Water Policy for Canada - Turning Hindsight into Foresight," C.D. Howe Institute Commentary, C.D. Howe Institute, issue 323, February.
    2. Yates, Athol, 2014. "A framework for studying mortality arising from critical infrastructure loss," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 100-111.
    3. Yu Hao & Yujia Li & Zhiyang Shen, 2023. "Does carbon emission trading contribute to reducing infectious diseases? Evidence from China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(1), pages 74-100, March.
    4. Gro S. Johannessen & Aina C. Wennberg & Ingrid Nesheim & Ingun Tryland, 2015. "Diverse Land Use and the Impact on (Irrigation) Water Quality and Need for Measures — A Case Study of a Norwegian River," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-23, June.
    5. Stephen E. Chick & Sada Soorapanth & James S. Koopman, 2003. "Inferring Infection Transmission Parameters That Influence Water Treatment Decisions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 49(7), pages 920-935, July.
    6. Brian Stone & Jessica L Bullen, 2006. "Urban Form and Watershed Management: How Zoning Influences Residential Stormwater Volumes," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 33(1), pages 21-37, February.

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