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Risk Factor for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Author

Listed:
  • Katsuhiro Toda

    (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, kitahiroshima Town Toyohira Hospital, Japan)

Abstract

A narrative literature review of risk factor or predictor for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) or Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) was performed in the English language. Female sex, elderly people between the age of 45 and 65, pregnancy, intra-articular fracture, comminuted and displaced fracture, high energy trauma, severe fracture, strong pain after fracture, decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor response after fracture, nerve and spinal cord injury, ankle dislocation, ankle fracture, injury in the extremities, treatment to the upper limb, motor nerve injury, decreased function before operation, poor physical functioning, higher median household income, economic compensation via work disability, social or psychological stress, good to excellent school performers, osteoporosis, hypertriglyceridemia, rheumatoid arthritis, musculoskeletal comorbidities, history of allergies, skin hypersensitivity, atopic background, asthma, trouble falling asleep, menstrual cycle-related problems, history of CRPS I, chronic pain, headache/migraine, first-degree family history of headache, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, surgical or manipulative treatment, immobilization, plaster cast, longer duration of anaesthesia, barbiturates, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and specific gene are reported to be a risk factor for CRPS.

Suggested Citation

  • Katsuhiro Toda, 2018. "Risk Factor for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome," Juniper Online Journal of Orthopedic & Orthoplastic Surgery, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 2(1), pages 12-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:adp:jojoos:v:2:y:2018:i:1:p:12-20
    DOI: 10.19080/JOJOOS.2018.02.555579
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