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Nitrogen and Carbon Characteristics of Sludges from Formic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Pulping of Kenaf Stem

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  • Chukwudebelu JA
  • Agunwamba JC

    (Department of Chemical, Fibre and Environmental Technology, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Nigeria
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nigeria)

Abstract

Sludge is produced during paper manufacturing. In this study, kenaf stem was pulped with formic acid and sodium hydroxide at 20%, 60% and 90% concentrations for a cooking period of 1,2 and 3h at 96oC under atmospheric pressure. The effluent from the pulping processes was filtered to get the sludge. The sludge was analysed for carbon and nitrogen. The sludge content from 20% pulping has nitrogen and carbon from sodium hydroxide, sludge from 60% pulping has carbon and nitrogen from both chemicals with more nitrogen while 90% pulping has more carbon. Considering the pulped stem, it showed under pulped, normal and over pulped with respect to 20%, 60% and 90%. Therefore, looking at the normal pulp at 60% concentration with the two chemicals, formic acid has moderate values of carbon and nitrogen compare to sodium hydroxide that showed high nitrogen content. Formic acid pulping is considered here because it can easily be recovered after pulping and the sludge used as manure.

Suggested Citation

  • Chukwudebelu JA & Agunwamba JC, 2021. "Nitrogen and Carbon Characteristics of Sludges from Formic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Pulping of Kenaf Stem," International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 26(5), pages 155-159, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:adp:ijesnr:v:26:y:2021:i:5:p:155-159
    DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2021.26.556196
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    Keywords

    earth and environment journals; environment journals; open access environment journals; peer reviewed environmental journals; open access; juniper publishers; ournal of Environmental Sciences; juniper publishers journals ; juniper publishers reivew;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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