IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i2p494-500.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

Trade Liberalization and New Imported Inputs

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Erik Marel, 2017. "Explaining Export Performance through Inputs: Evidence from Aggregated Cross-country Firm-level Data," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(3), pages 731-755, August.
  2. Arnold, Jens M. & Javorcik, Beata S. & Mattoo, Aaditya, 2011. "Does services liberalization benefit manufacturing firms?: Evidence from the Czech Republic," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(1), pages 136-146, September.
  3. Maria Bas & Antoine Berthou, 2012. "The Unequal Effects of Financial Development on Firms' Growth in India," Working Papers 2012-22, CEPII research center.
  4. Marijke J.D. Bos & Gonzague Vannoorenberghe, 2019. "Imported input varieties and product innovation: Evidence from five developing countries," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 520-548, May.
  5. Marcela Eslava & John Haltiwanger & Adriana Kugler & Maurice Kugler, 2013. "Trade and Market Selection: Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Colombia," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 16(1), pages 135-158, January.
  6. Maurice Kugler & John Haltiwanger & Adriana Kugler & Marcela Eslava, 2009. "Trade Reforms and Market Selection: Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Colombia," 2009 Meeting Papers 615, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  7. Maria Bas & Antoine Berthou, 2017. "Does Input-Trade Liberalization Affect Firms’ Foreign Technology Choice?," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 31(2), pages 351-384.
  8. Carl Gaigné & Léo Le Mener, 2014. "Agricultural Prices, Selection, and the Evolution of the Food Industry," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 96(3), pages 884-902.
  9. Piguillem Facundo & Rubini Loris, 2019. "Barriers to firm growth in open economies," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 19(1), pages 1-36, January.
  10. Wang, Jian & Wang, Xiao, 2015. "Benefits of foreign ownership: Evidence from foreign direct investment in China," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(2), pages 325-338.
  11. Colantone, Italo & Crinò, Rosario, 2014. "New imported inputs, new domestic products," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(1), pages 147-165.
  12. Jens Matthias Arnold & Beata Javorcik & Molly Lipscomb & Aaditya Mattoo, 2016. "Services Reform and Manufacturing Performance: Evidence from India," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 126(590), pages 1-39, February.
  13. Milin Ioana Anda & Bușan Gabriela & Ecobici Nicolae & Abdul Rehman, 2023. "Economic Growth Drivers in Romania: Evidence from a NARDL Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, March.
  14. Mitra, Arup & Sharma, Chandan & Véganzonès-Varoudakis, Marie-Ange, 2014. "Trade liberalization, technology transfer, and firms’ productive performance: The case of Indian manufacturing," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 1-15.
  15. Alessia Lo Turco & Daniela Maggioni, 2015. "Imports, Exports and the Firm Product Scope: Evidence From Turkey," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(6), pages 984-1005, June.
  16. Liao, Wei & Santacreu, Ana Maria, 2015. "The trade comovement puzzle and the margins of international trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 266-288.
  17. M.A. Véganzonès-Varoudakis & H. T. M. Nguyen, 2018. "Investment climate, outward orientation and manufacturing firm productivity: new empirical evidence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(53), pages 5766-5794, November.
  18. Jan De Loecker & Pinelopi K. Goldberg & Amit K. Khandelwal & Nina Pavcnik, 2016. "Prices, Markups, and Trade Reform," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 84, pages 445-510, March.
  19. repec:unt:esctis:tis16 is not listed on IDEAS
  20. David Kohn & Fernando Leibovici & Michal Szkup, 2019. "Financial Development and Trade Liberalization," 2019 Meeting Papers 1212, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  21. Costinot, Arnaud & Rodríguez-Clare, Andrés, 2014. "Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization," Handbook of International Economics, in: Gopinath, G. & Helpman, . & Rogoff, K. (ed.), Handbook of International Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 0, pages 197-261, Elsevier.
  22. Italo Colantone & Alessia Matano & Paolo Naticchioni, 2020. "New imported inputs, wages and worker mobility," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 29(2), pages 423-457.
  23. María C. Latorre & Zoryana Olekseyuk & Hidemichi Yonezawa, 2020. "Foreign multinationals in service sectors: A general equilibrium analysis of Brexit," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(11), pages 2830-2859, November.
  24. Alessia Lo Turco & Daniela Maggioni, 2016. "On firms’ product space evolution: the role of firm and local product relatedness," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(5), pages 975-1006.
  25. Maria Bas & Ivan Ledezma, 2020. "Trade liberalization and heterogeneous firms’ adjustments: evidence from India," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 156(2), pages 407-441, May.
  26. Costas Arkolakis & Arnaud Costinot & Andres Rodriguez-Clare, 2012. "New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(1), pages 94-130, February.
  27. Geng, Nan, 2011. "The dynamics of market structure and firm-level adjustment to India's pro-market economic liberalizing reforms, 1988-2006: A Time Varying Panel Smooth Transition Regression (TV-PSTR) approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 506-519, October.
  28. Hu, Cui & Tan, Yong, 2016. "Export spillovers and export performance in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 75-89.
  29. Stephan Huber, 2018. "Product Sophistication and Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment," Contributions to Economics, in: Product Characteristics in International Economics, chapter 0, pages 51-90, Springer.
  30. F. Banu Demir, 2011. "Trading Tasks and Quality," Economics Series Working Papers 582, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
  31. Sivadasan Jagadeesh, 2009. "Barriers to Competition and Productivity: Evidence from India," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 9(1), pages 1-66, September.
  32. Laurens Cherchye & Thomas Demuynck & Bram De Rock & Marijn Verschelde, 2018. "Nonparametric identification of unobserved technological heterogeneity in production," Working Paper Research 335, National Bank of Belgium.
  33. Seref Saygili & Cengiz Cihan & Cihan Yalcin & Turknur Hamsici, 2010. "Turkiye Imalat Sanayiin Ithalat Yapisi," Working Papers 1002, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  34. Carlos Ibarra, 2011. "A note on intermediate imports and the BPCG model in Mexico," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 44(4), pages 357-368, November.
  35. Saibal Ghosh, 2019. "Lending Relationships, Borrowing Costs and Crisis: Evidence from Indian Micro Data," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 20(4), pages 1026-1050, August.
  36. De loecker, Jan & Asker, John & Collard-Wexler, Allan, 2011. "Productivity volatility and the misallocation of resources in developing economies," CEPR Discussion Papers 8469, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  37. Stiebale, Joel & Vencappa, Dev, 2022. "Import competition and vertical integration: Evidence from India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  38. Foster, Neil & Poeschl, Johannes & Stehrer, Robert, 2011. "The impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on the margins of international trade," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 84-97, March.
  39. Li, Huijuan & Cai, Weihong & Li, Wenxiu, 2021. "Does global value chains participation improve skill premium? Mediating role of skill-biased technological change," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
  40. Maria Bas, 2013. "Does Services Liberalization Affect Manufacturing Firms' Export Performance? Evidence from India," Working Papers 2013-17, CEPII research center.
  41. Stefano Bolatto & Massimo Sbracia, 2016. "Deconstructing the Gains from Trade: Selection of Industries vs Reallocation of Workers," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(2), pages 344-363, May.
  42. Rod Falvey & Neil Foster-McGregor, 2022. "The breadth of preferential trade agreements and the margins of exports," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 158(1), pages 181-251, February.
  43. Chevassus-Lozza, Emmanuelle & Gaigné, Carl & Le Mener, Léo, 2013. "Does input trade liberalization boost downstream firms' exports? Theory and firm-level evidence," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(2), pages 391-402.
  44. Robert J. R. Elliott & Liza Jabbour & Liyun Zhang, 2016. "Firm productivity and importing: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 49(3), pages 1086-1124, August.
  45. Tohmas Karlsson, 2011. "Imports, Product Variety and the Extensive Margin: Some Stylized Facts," EcoMod2011 3003, EcoMod.
  46. Erick Sager & Olga A. Timoshenko, 2019. "The double EMG distribution and trade elasticities," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 52(4), pages 1523-1557, November.
  47. Ali, Nesma & Stiebale, Joel, 2021. "Foreign direct investment, prices and efficiency: Evidence from India," DICE Discussion Papers 363, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
  48. Alessia Lo Turco & Daniela Maggioni, 2017. "Local Discoveries and Technological Relatedness: the Role of Foreign Firms," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 1710, Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography, revised Jun 2017.
  49. Leblebicioğlu, Asli & Weinberger, Ariel, 2021. "Openness and factor shares: Is globalization always bad for labor?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
  50. Mo, Jiawei & Qiu, Larry D. & Zhang, Hongsong & Dong, Xiaoyu, 2021. "What you import matters for productivity growth: Experience from Chinese manufacturing firms," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  51. Ling-Yun He & Liang Wang, 2019. "Import Liberalization of Intermediates and Environment: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, May.
  52. Ertugrul YILDIRIM & Ferdi KESIKOGLU, 2012. "Ithalat-Ihracat-Doviz Kuru Bagimliligi: Bootstrap ile Duzeltilmis Nedensellik Testi Uygulamasi," Ege Academic Review, Ege University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, vol. 12(2), pages 137-148.
  53. Mukherjee, Soumyatanu, 2017. "Input trade reform and wage inequality," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 145-156.
  54. Bas, Maria, 2020. "The effect of communication and energy services reform on manufacturing firms’ innovation," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 339-362.
  55. Mateus Silva Chang, 2017. "Machinery production networks in Latin America: a quantity and quality analysis," Latin American Economic Review, Springer;Centro de Investigaciòn y Docencia Económica (CIDE), vol. 26(1), pages 1-35, December.
  56. Miao, Zhuang & Li, Yifan, 2017. "Trade Scopes across Destinations: Evidence from Chinese Firm," MPRA Paper 80863, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Aug 2017.
  57. Choi, Jangho & Gopinath, Munisamy, 2013. "Structure and Behavior of Multi-product Firms: Evidence from India," 2013 Annual Meeting, August 4-6, 2013, Washington, D.C. 149824, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  58. Xiying Zhang & Yihuan Wang, 2022. "Research on the Influence of Digital Technology and Policy Restrictions on the Development of Digital Service Trade," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-16, August.
  59. Görg, Holger & Fritsch, Ursula, 2013. "Outsourcing, Offshoring and Innovation: Evidence from Firm-level Data for Emerging Economies," CEPR Discussion Papers 9603, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  60. Matilde Bombardini & C. Keith Head & Maria D. Tito & Ruoying Wang, 2021. "How the breadth and depth of import relationships affect the performance of Canadian manufacturers," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(4), pages 1525-1561, November.
  61. Zhang, Hongsong, 2017. "Static and dynamic gains from costly importing of intermediate inputs: Evidence from Colombia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 118-145.
  62. Paul Grieco & Hongsong Zhang & Shengyu Li, 2018. "Input Prices, Productivity and Trade Dynamics: Long-run Effects of Liberalization on Chinese Paint Manufactures," 2018 Meeting Papers 874, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  63. Jan De Loecker & Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, 2014. "Firm Performance in a Global Market," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 6(1), pages 201-227, August.
  64. Wen-Xi Ruan & Xin Yu & Sheng-Yuan Wang & Tian-Cheng Zhao & Ya-Zhen Liu, 2022. "Exploration of China–ASEAN Trade Relations in the Context of Sustainable Economic Development—Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-22, December.
  65. Ran Abramitzky & Isabelle Sin, 2014. "Book Translations As Idea Flows: The Effects Of The Collapse Of Communism On The Diffusion Of Knowledge," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 12(6), pages 1453-1520, December.
  66. Cheong, Juyoung, 2023. "Do preferential trade agreements stimulate high-tech exports for low-income countries?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
  67. Emmanuel Dhyne & Stela Rubínová, 2016. "The supplier network of exporters : Connecting the dots," Working Paper Research 296, National Bank of Belgium.
  68. Erbahar, Aksel & Zi, Yuan, 2017. "Cascading trade protection: Evidence from the US," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 274-299.
  69. Sushanta Mallick & Yong Yang, 2013. "Productivity Performance of Export Market Entry and Exit: Evidence from Indian Firms," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(4), pages 809-824, September.
  70. DeStefano,Timothy & Timmis,Jonathan David, 2021. "Robots and Export Quality," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9678, The World Bank.
  71. Latorre, María C. & Yonezawa, Hidemichi, 2018. "Stopped TTIP? Its potential impact on the world and the role of neglected FDI," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 99-120.
  72. Taining Wang & Jinjing Tian, 2020. "Recasting the trade impact on labor share: a fixed-effect semiparametric estimation study," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(5), pages 2465-2511, May.
  73. Maria Bas & Antoine Berthou, 2021. "Financial development, reallocation and growth: Firm heterogeneity matters," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(5), pages 1205-1231, May.
  74. di Giovanni, Julian & Levchenko, Andrei A., 2013. "Firm entry, trade, and welfare in Zipf's world," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 283-296.
  75. Stiebale, Joel & Vencappa, Dev, 2018. "Acquisitions, markups, efficiency, and product quality: Evidence from India," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 70-87.
  76. Bown, Chad P. & Tovar, Patricia, 2011. "Trade liberalization, antidumping, and safeguards: Evidence from India's tariff reform," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(1), pages 115-125, September.
  77. Neil Foster, 2012. "Preferential Trade Agreements and the Margins of Imports," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 869-889, November.
  78. Lopez-Gonzalez, Javier, 2012. "The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Vertical Specialisation," Papers 442, World Trade Institute.
  79. Rabail Amna Intisar & Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen & Rakhshanda Kousar & Muhammad Usman & Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, 2020. "Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
  80. Ying Ge & Tony Fang & Yeheng Jiang, 2019. "Access to imported intermediates and intra‐firm wage inequality," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(8), pages 2364-2384, August.
  81. Ashmita Gupta, 2021. "Effect of Trade Liberalization on Gender Inequality: The Case of India," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 69(4), pages 682-720, December.
  82. Rodrigo Garcia‐Verdu & Alexis Meyer‐Cirkel & Akira Sasahara & Hans Weisfeld, 2022. "Importing inputs for climate change mitigation: The case of agricultural productivity," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 34-56, February.
  83. Grieco, Paul L. E. & Li, Shengyu & Zhang, Hongsong, 2015. "Multi-Dimensional Effects of International Trade: The Experience of Chinese Manufacturers," RIEI Working Papers 2015-05, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Research Institute for Economic Integration.
  84. David Kohn & Fernando Leibovici & Michal Szkup, 2023. "No Credit, No Gain: Trade Liberalization Dynamics, Production Inputs, And Financial Development," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 64(2), pages 809-836, May.
  85. Neil Foster & Robert Stehrer, 2011. "Preferential trade agreements and the structure of international trade," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 147(3), pages 385-409, September.
  86. Laura Alfaro & Anusha Chari, 2010. "Does Liberalization Promote Competition?," Working Papers 1112, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, revised Oct 2010.
  87. Andrea Ciani & Joel Stiebale, 2020. "Export performance under domestic anti-dumping protection," Discussion Papers 2020-08, University of Nottingham, GEP.
  88. Daniel Yi Xu & Ana Cecilia Fieler & Marcela Eslava, 2012. "Trade, competition and quality-upgrading: A theory with evidence from Colombia," 2012 Meeting Papers 471, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  89. Aksel Erbahar & Yuan Zi, 2015. "Cascading Trade Protection: Theory and Evidence from the U.S," CTEI Working Papers series 04-2015, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration, The Graduate Institute.
  90. Ana Cecília Fieler & Marcela Eslava & Daniel Xu, 2014. "Trade, Skills, and Quality Upgrading: A Theory with Evidence from Colombia," NBER Working Papers 19992, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  91. Huw Lloyd-Ellis & Ardyn Nordstrom, 2021. "Trade, poverty and food security: A survey of recent research and its implications for East Africa," Working Paper 1460, Economics Department, Queen's University.
  92. Laurens Cherchye & Thomas Demuynck & Bram De Rock & Marijn Verschelde, 2018. "Nonparametric Production Analysis with Unobserved Heterogeneity in Productivity," Working Papers ECARES 2018-25, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
  93. Jean Baptiste Habyarimana & Vikas Kakkar, 2023. "Externally funded trade policy reforms and firm productivity: Evidence from a world database of reforms funded by foreign aid agencies," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(2), pages 196-222, May.
  94. Bas, Maria, 2014. "Does services liberalization affect manufacturing firms’ export performance? Evidence from India," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 569-589.
  95. Békés, Gábor & Halpern, László & Muraközy, Balázs, 2013. "Külkereskedelem és a vállalatok közötti különbségek [Heterogeneous firms and foreign trade]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(1), pages 1-24.
  96. Maurice Kugler & John Haltiwanger & Adriana Kugler & Marcela Eslava, 2011. "Trade, Technical Change and Market Selection: Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Colombia," 2011 Meeting Papers 1039, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  97. Biswajit Maitra, 2020. "Exploring Import-led Growth in India: Evidence from the Post-reform Period," South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, , vol. 9(1), pages 87-113, June.
  98. Maria Bas, 2009. "Trade, Foreign Inputs and Firms’ Decisions: Theory and Evidence," Working Papers 2009-35, CEPII research center.
  99. Latorre, María C. & Yonezawa, Hidemichi & Zhou, Jing, 2018. "A general equilibrium analysis of FDI growth in Chinese services sectors," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 172-188.
  100. Sun, Puyang & Tan, Yong & Yang, Guang, 2020. "Export, FDI and the welfare gains from trade liberalization," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 230-238.
  101. Laura Alfaro & Anusha Chari, 2009. "India Transformed? Insights from the Firm Level 1988-2005," NBER Working Papers 15448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  102. Wen, Huwei & Chen, Wenjing & Zhou, Fengxiu, 2023. "Does digital service trade boost technological innovation?: International evidence," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  103. Erik Marel & Martina Francesca Ferracane, 2021. "Do data policy restrictions inhibit trade in services?," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 157(4), pages 727-776, November.
  104. Guifu Chen & Shan Zhan & Shigeyuki Hamori, 2020. "The Influence of Quality and Variety of New Imports on Enterprise Innovation: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-20, November.
  105. Teng Zhang & Qiuyao Fu & Chunhui Zhu, 2022. "Trade liberalization, credit constraints, and export quality upgrading," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 63(1), pages 499-524, July.
  106. Sugata Marjit & Anwesha Basu & C. Veeramani, 2019. "Growth Gains from Trade," CESifo Working Paper Series 7905, CESifo.
  107. Niu, Peng & Yang, Yujia & Sun, Lirong, 2023. "High quality imports and green innovation," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 2(2).
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.