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Friedman Meets Hosios: Efficiency in Search Models of Money

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Author Info
Aleksander Berentsen
Guillaume Rocheteau
Shouyong Shi

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Abstract

In this paper we study the inefficiencies of the monetary equilibrium and optimal monetary policies in a search economy. We show that the same frictions that give fiat money a positive value generate an inefficient quantity of goods in each trade and an inefficient number of trades (or search decisions). The Friedman rule eliminates the first inefficiency and the Hosios rule the second. A monetary equilibrium attains the social optimum if and only if both rules are satisfied. When the two rules cannot be satisfied simultaneously, which occurs in a large set of economies, optimal monetary policy achieves only the second best. We analyze when the second-best monetary policy exceeds the Friedman rule and when it obeys the Friedman rule. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to an economy with barter and show how the Hosios rule must be modified in order to internalize all search externalities.

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Paper provided by University of Toronto, Department of Economics in its series Working Papers with number shouyong-02-04.

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Length: 34 pages
Date of creation: 11 Jul 2002
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:tor:tecipa:shouyong-02-04

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Related research
Keywords: Money; Search; Friedman rule; Hosios rule.;

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This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports: This item is featured on the following reading lists:
  1. Canadian Macro Study Group
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
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  3. Aleksander Berentsen & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2003. "Money and the Gains from Trade," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 44(1), pages 263-297, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. repec:bep:macadv:v:1:y:2001:i:advances/1/1:p:1001-1001 is not listed on IDEAS
  5. Levine, David K., 1991. "Asset trading mechanisms and expansionary policy," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 148-164, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Aleksander Berentsen, 2002. "On the Distribution of Money Holdings in a Random-Matching Model," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 43(3), pages 945-954, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Woodford, Michael, 1990. "The optimum quantity of money," Handbook of Monetary Economics, in: B. M. Friedman & F. H. Hahn (ed.), Handbook of Monetary Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 20, pages 1067-1152 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Guillaume Rocheteau, 2000. "La quantité optimale de monnaie dans un modèle avec appariements aléatoires," Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, ADRES, issue 58, pages 05, Avril-Jui. [Downloadable!]
  9. Shouyong Shi, 1997. "A Divisible Search Model of Fiat Money," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 65(1), pages 75-102, January.
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  10. Wallace, Neil, 2001. "Whither Monetary Economics?," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 42(4), pages 847-69, November.
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  12. Edward J. Green & Ruilin Zhou, . "A Rudimentary Model of Search with Divisible Money and Prices," Penn CARESS Working Papers 2772f94306e08ef7292945588, Penn Economics Department. [Downloadable!]
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  13. Shouyong Shi, 1995. "Money and Prices: A Model of Search and Bargaining," Working Papers 916, Queen's University, Department of Economics.
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  14. Allen Head & Shouyong Shi, 2000. "A Fundamental Theory of Exchange Rates and Direct Currency Trades," Working Papers 993, Queen's University, Department of Economics.
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  15. Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro & Wright, Randall, 1993. "A Search-Theoretic Approach to Monetary Economics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(1), pages 63-77, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  18. V.V. Chari & Lawrence J. Christiano & Patrick J. Kehoe, 1991. "Optimal fiscal and monetary policy: some recent results," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, pages 519-546.
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  19. Diamond, Peter A, 1982. "Wage Determination and Efficiency in Search Equilibrium," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(2), pages 217-27, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  20. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1990. "Liquidity and interest rates," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 237-264, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  21. Engineer, Merwan & Shouying Shi, 1998. "Asymmetry, imperfectly transferable utility, and the role of fiat money in improving terms of trade," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 153-183, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  22. Miguel Molico, 2006. "The Distribution Of Money And Prices In Search Equilibrium," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 47(3), pages 701-722, 08. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  23. Miquel Faig, 2001. "A Search Theory of Money and Commerce with Neoclassical Production," Working Papers faig-01-01, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
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  24. Bernhard Rauch, 2000. "A Divisible Search Model of Fiat Money: A Comment," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(1), pages 149-156, January.
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  26. Williamson, Stephen D., 1996. "Sequential markets and the suboptimality of the Friedman rule," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 549-572, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  27. Trejos, Alberto & Wright, Randall, 1995. "Search, Bargaining, Money, and Prices," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 103(1), pages 118-41, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  28. Moen, Espen R, 1997. "Competitive Search Equilibrium," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(2), pages 385-411, April.
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  29. Mortensen, Dale T, 1982. "Property Rights and Efficiency in Mating, Racing, and Related Games," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(5), pages 968-79, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  31. Li, Victor E, 1995. "The Optimal Taxation of Fiat Money in Search Equilibrium," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 36(4), pages 927-42, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  32. Berentsen, Aleksander & Rocheteau, Guillaume, 2002. "On the efficiency of monetary exchange: how divisibility of money matters," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(8), pages 1621-1649, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  33. Martin J. Osborne & Ariel Rubinstein, 2005. "Bargaining and Markets," Levine's Bibliography 666156000000000515, UCLA Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  34. Schmitt-Grohe, Stephanie & Uribe, Martin, 2004. "Optimal fiscal and monetary policy under imperfect competition," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 183-209, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  35. Zhou, Ruilin, 1999. "Individual and Aggregate Real Balances in a Random-Matching Model," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 40(4), pages 1009-38, November.
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  36. Bernheim, B Douglas, 1991. "Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy: Some Recent Results," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 23(3), pages 540-42, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  37. Guillaume Rocheteau & Randall Wright, 2003. "Money in Search Equilibrium, in Competitive Equilibrium, and in Competitive Search Equilibrium," PIER Working Paper Archive 03-031, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania. [Downloadable!]
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Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Ritter, Moritz, 2007. "The Optimum Quantity of Money Revisited: Distortionary Taxation in a Search Model of Money," MPRA Paper 1973, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  2. Ricardo Lagos & Randall Wright, 2004. "A unified framework for monetary theory and policy analysis," Staff Report 346, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Ricardo Lagos & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2004. "Inflation, output, and welfare," Working Paper 0407, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  4. Guillaume Rocheteau & Randall Wright, 2003. "Inflation and Welfare in Models with Trading Frictions," PIER Working Paper Archive 03-032, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania. [Downloadable!]
  5. Shouyong Shi, 2006. "A Microfoundation of Monetary Economics," Working Papers tecipa-211, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  6. Aleksander Berentsen & Christopher J. Waller, 2009. "Optimal stabilization policy with endogenous firm entry," Working Papers 2009-032, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
  7. Marchesiani, Alessandro & Senesi, Pietro, 2007. "Money and Nominal Bonds," MPRA Paper 9417, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  8. Etienne, LEHMANN & Bruno, VAN DER LINDEN, 2007. "Search Frictions on Product and Labor markets : Money in the Matching Function," Discussion Papers (ECON - Département des Sciences Economiques) 2007013, Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Economiques. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  9. repec:bep:maccon:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:1121-1121 is not listed on IDEAS
  10. Ben Craig & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2006. "Inflation and welfare: a search approach," Policy Discussion Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue Jan. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  11. Guillaume Rocheteau & Randall Wright, 2003. "Money in Search Equilibrium, in Competitive Equilibrium, and in Competitive Search Equilibrium," PIER Working Paper Archive 03-031, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  12. S. Boragan Aruoba & Randall Wright, 2002. "Search, Money and Capital: A Neoclassical Dichotomy, Second Version," PIER Working Paper Archive 03-028, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, revised 03 Sep 2003. [Downloadable!]
  13. Brian Peterson & Shouyong Shi, 2006. "Money, Price Dispersion and Welfare," Working Papers tecipa-191, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  14. Guillaume Rocheteau & Christopher Waller, 2005. "Bargaining and the value of money," Working Paper 0501, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  15. Aleksander Berentsen & Christopher J. Waller, 2009. "Price level targeting and stabilization policy," Working Papers 2009-033, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
  16. Aleksander Berentsen & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2002. "Money in Bilateral Trade," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 138(IV), pages 489-506, December. [Downloadable!]
  17. Aleksander Berentsen & Christopher Waller, 2005. "Optimal Stabilization Policy with Flexible Prices," CESifo Working Paper Series CESifo Working Paper No. , CESifo Group Munich. [Downloadable!]
  18. Etienne Lehmann, 2006. "A Search Model of Unemployment and Inflation," IZA Discussion Papers 2194, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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  19. Shouyong Shi, 2008. "Efficiency Improvement from Restricting the Liquidity of Nominal Bonds," Working Papers tecipa-329, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
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