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Tarification au marché et variation des marges à l’exportation: Une étude des prix d’exportation allemands, français et italiens

Author

Listed:
  • Sarah Guillou

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Stefano Schiavo

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE))

Abstract

La littérature empirique a mis en évidence un comportement largement répandu de tarification au marché de la part des exportateurs consistant à facturer des prix différents selon la destination du produit exporté en fonction de la concurrence rencontrée sur cette destination. Ce comportement induit alors une variance des taux de marge obtenus à l’exportation. Depuis Krugman (1987) les variations des taux de change ont été identifiées comme une des causes de ce comportement de tarification au marché. En effet, ces variations sont propres au marché de destination et peuvent induire des variations de l’élasticité de la demande modifiant alors le comportement de prix. La tarification au marché qui dépend des variations de change est appelée dans la littérature « pricing-to-market » (PTM). L’enjeu de l’évaluation empirique de ce comportement de tarification au marché est important pour mesurer la vulnérabilité des entreprises exportatrices à la concurrence étrangère. Notre méthodologie empirique repose sur la spécification de Knetter (1993) : comme le taux de marge et le coût marginal ne peuvent être observés, cette spécification empirique permet de saisir, par un jeu complet de dummies temporelles, tous les mouvements communs aux prix des produits exportés mais qui sont indépendants des marchés de destination. L’ajustement du taux de marge dépend à la fois du taux de change et des autres effets destination. Cette étude offre une analyse sur longue période (1973-2003) à partir de données comparables de prix des exportations pour l’Allemagne, la France et l’Italie et opère à trois niveaux d’observation : le pays-source, le produit et la destination. Cette étude confirme que le comportement de prix à l’exportation est soumis à une triple détermination pays-source, produit et destination. Toutefois les caractéristiques des destinations apparaissent plus déterminantes que les autres caractéristiques. Étant donné la méthode d’estimation des variations des taux de marge (par un effet fixe), nos résultats sur leur évolution doivent être considérés avec prudence. On retiendra cependant que cette étude n’autorise pas à conclure à un déclin sur longue période des taux de marge à l’exportation, déclin attendu de la croissance de la pression concurrentielle. Ainsi, la France a connu une augmentation de son pouvoir de marché sur plus de la moitié de ses marchés d’exportation. Il est probable qu’une étude sur longue période fasse ressortir les effets sélectifs de la pression concurrentielle qui conduisent à une sélection des exportateurs à forte profitabilité.

Suggested Citation

  • Sarah Guillou & Stefano Schiavo, 2009. "Tarification au marché et variation des marges à l’exportation: Une étude des prix d’exportation allemands, français et italiens," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/9708, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/9708
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Sarah Guillou & Stefano Schiavo, 2014. "Exchange rate exposure under liquidity constraints," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 23(6), pages 1541-1561.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Exportation; Tarification au marché; Commerce international; Taux de marge à l'exportation; Comportement de prix des firmes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D40 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - General
    • E30 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • L16 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure
    • L60 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Manufacturing - - - General

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